Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor: Virulence Factors: Difference between revisions

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
No edit summary
Line 2: Line 2:
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (<i>V.cholerae</i>) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and dehydration in humans. There are more than 200 serogroups of <i>V.cholerae</i>, but only two – O1 and O139 –  are associated with severe cholera epidemics<ref name=aa/>. The bacterium circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut and is usually found in waters that have been contaminated by feces from an infected person<ref name=aa/>. <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> serogroup O1 biotype El Tor was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic.
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (<i>V.cholerae</i>) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and dehydration in humans. There are more than 200 serogroups of <i>V.cholerae</i>, but only two – O1 and O139 –  are associated with severe cholera epidemics<ref name=aa/>. The bacterium circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut and is usually found in waters that have been contaminated by feces from an infected person<ref name=aa/>. <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> serogroup O1 biotype El Tor was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic.


 
Vibrio cholerae El Tor (Serogroup O1) was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic. It possesses two circular chromosomes. Together, the two chromosomes encode for 3,885 open reading frames (2,770 on Chr 1 and 1,115 on Chr 2) (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Most essential cell function and pathogenicity genes – including those for DNA replication and toxin production – are on Chr 1 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).
 
Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and dehydration in humans. There are more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 –  are associated with severe cholera epidemics  (Ramamurthy et.al, 2020). The bacterium circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut and is usually found in waters that have been contaminated by feces from an infected person (Ramamurthy et.al, 2020).
 
Vibrio cholerae El Tor (Serogroup O1) was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic. It possesses two circular chromosomes. Chromosome 1 (Chr 1) contains 2,961,146 base pairs, while chromosome 2 (Chr 2) only has 1,072,314 base pairs (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Together, the two chromosomes encode for 3,885 open reading frames (2,770 on Chr 1 and 1,115 on Chr 2) (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Most essential cell function and pathogenicity genes – including those for DNA replication and toxin production – are on Chr 1. On the other hand, 59 % of hypothetical genes are on Chr 2. Additionally, Chr 2 contains integrons and host addiction genes typical of plasmids,  suggesting that it originated as a megaplasmid (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Nevertheless, certain genes found exclusively on Chr 2 are essential for cell function, such as ribosomal L20 and L35 proteins and metabolic pathway intermediaries (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).


Several genes in V. cholerae El Tor have Interchromosomal regulation; elements on one chromosome can regulate gene expression on another. For instance, an alternative sigma factor RpoS gene on Chr 1 regulates the expression of several stress response genes on Chr 2, including catalase and hemagglutinin protease (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Similarly, HlyU, a transcriptional regulatory gene located on Chr 1, regulates the HlyA gene on Chr 2 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).  
Several genes in V. cholerae El Tor have Interchromosomal regulation; elements on one chromosome can regulate gene expression on another. For instance, an alternative sigma factor RpoS gene on Chr 1 regulates the expression of several stress response genes on Chr 2, including catalase and hemagglutinin protease (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Similarly, HlyU, a transcriptional regulatory gene located on Chr 1, regulates the HlyA gene on Chr 2 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).  

Revision as of 04:24, 12 April 2024

Introduction

Vibrio cholerae (V.cholerae) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and dehydration in humans. There are more than 200 serogroups of V.cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – are associated with severe cholera epidemics[1]. The bacterium circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut and is usually found in waters that have been contaminated by feces from an infected person[1]. Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 biotype El Tor was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic.

Vibrio cholerae El Tor (Serogroup O1) was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic. It possesses two circular chromosomes. Together, the two chromosomes encode for 3,885 open reading frames (2,770 on Chr 1 and 1,115 on Chr 2) (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Most essential cell function and pathogenicity genes – including those for DNA replication and toxin production – are on Chr 1 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).

Several genes in V. cholerae El Tor have Interchromosomal regulation; elements on one chromosome can regulate gene expression on another. For instance, an alternative sigma factor RpoS gene on Chr 1 regulates the expression of several stress response genes on Chr 2, including catalase and hemagglutinin protease (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Similarly, HlyU, a transcriptional regulatory gene located on Chr 1, regulates the HlyA gene on Chr 2 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).

The ability of V. cholerae to cause illness in hosts requires the production of several virulence factors.




Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: [1]



By Megan Lydon

At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.

The insertion code consists of:
Double brackets: [[
Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
Thumbnail status: |thumb|
Pixel size: |300px|
Placement on page: |right|
Legend/credit: Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. Photo credit: CDC. Every image requires a link to the source.
Closed double brackets: ]]

Other examples:
Bold
Italic
Subscript: H2O
Superscript: Fe3+



Sample citations: [1] [2]

A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>"
The repeated citation works like this, with a forward slash.[1]

Section 1

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive, fairly slow-growing aerotolerant bacterium. This bacteria is typically linked to the skin condition acne vulgris, commonly known as skin acne. This species is daily commensal and highly present on healthy skin epithelium. Little is detected on the skin of adolescents, specifically those pre-pubescent. This bacterium lives on fatty acids in sebum secreted by hair sebaceous glands in hair follicles. It can also be found in the gastrointestinal biome.

Section 2

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 3

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 4

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024

Retrieved from "https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Vibrio_cholerae_O1_Biotype_El_Tor:_Virulence_Factors&oldid=165189"