Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor: Virulence Factors: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (<i>V.cholerae</i>) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that infects the small intestine. Symptoms include severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. There are more than 200 serogroups of V.cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – are associated with cholera epidemics[1].  
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (<i>V.cholerae</i>) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and dehydration in humans. There are more than 200 serogroups of <i>V.cholerae</i>, but only two – O1 and O139 – are associated with severe cholera epidemics<ref name=aa/>. The bacterium circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut and is usually found in waters that have been contaminated by feces from an infected person<ref name=aa/>.
 
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> serogroup O1 biotype El Tor was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic. It possesses two circular chromosomes. Together, the two chromosomes encode for 3,885 open reading frames (2,770 on Chr 1 and 1,115 on Chr 2) (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Most essential cell function and pathogenicity genes – including those for DNA replication and toxin production – are on Chr 1 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).
 
Several genes in V. cholerae El Tor have Interchromosomal regulation; elements on one chromosome can regulate gene expression on another. For instance, an alternative sigma factor RpoS gene on Chr 1 regulates the expression of several stress response genes on Chr 2, including catalase and hemagglutinin protease (Heidelberg et.al, 2000). Similarly, HlyU, a transcriptional regulatory gene located on Chr 1, regulates the HlyA gene on Chr 2 (Heidelberg et.al, 2000).
 
The ability of V. cholerae to cause illness in hosts requires the production of several virulence factors.
 
 
 
 


<i>V.cholerae</i> is highly motile, with a single polar flagellum that enables it to move quickly in liquid environments. It circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut. Direct human-to-human transmission of cholera is rare. Instead, the bacteria survive, proliferate, and transmit via contaminated reservoirs, including rivers, ponds, coastal waters, and wells.


<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> serogroup O1 biotype El Tor (<i>V.cholerae</i> O1 El Tor) was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic. It possesses two circular chromosomes that encode for 3,885 total open reading frames (2,770 on Chr 1 and 1,115 on Chr 2). Most essential cell function and pathogenicity genes – including those for DNA replication and toxin production – are on Chr 1. The ability of V. cholerae to cause illness in hosts requires the production of several virulence factors, including cholera enterotoxin, hemolysin toxin, and HA/protease.


[[Image:vibrio cholerae under microscope.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: [https://www.bacteriainphotos.com/vibrio_cholerae_under_microscope.html]]]
[[Image:vibrio cholerae under microscope.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: [https://www.bacteriainphotos.com/vibrio_cholerae_under_microscope.html]]]

Revision as of 10:11, 13 April 2024

Vibrio cholerae (V.cholerae) is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that infects the small intestine. Symptoms include severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. There are more than 200 serogroups of V.cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – are associated with cholera epidemics[1].

V.cholerae is highly motile, with a single polar flagellum that enables it to move quickly in liquid environments. It circulates between the aquatic environment and the human gut. Direct human-to-human transmission of cholera is rare. Instead, the bacteria survive, proliferate, and transmit via contaminated reservoirs, including rivers, ponds, coastal waters, and wells.

Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 biotype El Tor (V.cholerae O1 El Tor) was the dominant strain of the 7th global cholera pandemic. It possesses two circular chromosomes that encode for 3,885 total open reading frames (2,770 on Chr 1 and 1,115 on Chr 2). Most essential cell function and pathogenicity genes – including those for DNA replication and toxin production – are on Chr 1. The ability of V. cholerae to cause illness in hosts requires the production of several virulence factors, including cholera enterotoxin, hemolysin toxin, and HA/protease.

Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: [1]



By Megan Lydon

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Section 1

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Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive, fairly slow-growing aerotolerant bacterium. This bacteria is typically linked to the skin condition acne vulgris, commonly known as skin acne. This species is daily commensal and highly present on healthy skin epithelium. Little is detected on the skin of adolescents, specifically those pre-pubescent. This bacterium lives on fatty acids in sebum secreted by hair sebaceous glands in hair follicles. It can also be found in the gastrointestinal biome.

Section 2

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Section 3

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Section 4

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024

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