Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease Caused by Helicobacter pylori

Introduction

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, helix-shaped bacterium that is about 3 micrometers long with a diameter of 0.5 micrometers. H. pylori is a microaerophilic bacterium which means that it requires oxygen to function. However, H. pylori requires much lower concentrations of oxygen than those found in our atmosphere. This bacterium contains a hydrogenase which it can use to obtain energy by oxidizing molecular hydrogen (in the form of H_{2/) produced by intestinal bacteria. H. pylori also produces oxidase, catalase, and urease. It has an outer-membrane consisting of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide which are characteristic of typical Gram-negative bacteria. H. pylori bacteria are known to inhabit various areas of the stomach and duodenum. Infections caused by this bacteria lead to chronic inflammation in the stomach lining (Gastritis). H. pylori infections are also strongly associated to the development of gastric ulcers and even stomach cancer. Although H. pylori is known to cause several problems, over 80% of individuals infected with this bacterium show no symptoms. Over half of all people in the world are thought to harbor this bacterium in their upper gastrointestinal tract.}

Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.

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Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
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References

Broxmeyer, L., Sosnowska, D., Miltner, E., Chacon, O., Wagner, D., McGarvey, J., Barletta, R.G., and Bermudez, L.E. "Killing of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a Mycobacteriophage Delivered by a Nonvirulent Mycobacterium: A Model for Phage Therapy of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002. Volume 186, Number 8. p. 1155-1160.

Clark, J.R. and March, J.B. "Bacteriophages and biotechnology: vaccines, gene therapy and antibacterials". TRENDS in Biotechnology. 2006. Volume 24, Number 5. p. 212-218.

Inal, J.M. "Phage Therapy: a Reappraisal of Bacteriophages as Antibiotics". Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 2003. Volume 51. p. 237-244.