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...virus_picture.png|thumb|300px|right|Legend. SDMV was discovered inside the cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivrius (APMV).]] The SDMV was discovered inside the cytoplasm of A. polyphaga. The Saudi moumouvirus is the first organism in the Mimivir

...polyadenylated transcripts. mRNAs leave the core and get translated in the cytoplasm. The segmented genome allows for possible reassortment, something that has ...ave been self-asembled and have accumulated in the inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the cell.

...outside of the nucleus. While AID has a half life of around 8 hours in the cytoplasm, nuclear AID has a half life of only about 2.5 hours due to higher levels o

...t|Electron micrographs of ''H. butylicus''. Cells connected by a string of cytoplasm. From [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/172/7/3959 Zillig, W. et al. "''Hypert ...e ones that grow in higher temperature often contain vacuoles within their cytoplasm, sometimes immediately below the S layer.

...the cytoplasm outside the nuclear body (C) is a different texture than the cytoplasm located inside the nuclear body (G). Bar = 0.5 micrometers. From[http://www ...ucleoid that is surrounded by electron-dense granules (the contents of the cytoplasm outside of the nuclear body is different and less-electron dense). Both the

...io-luminescence when agitated through a luciferin-luciferase system in its cytoplasm. These planktonic dinoflagellates can bloom into "red tides" as a result of ...curs in thousands of "microsources", small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm that contains the molecule luciferin and the enzyme luciferase that catalyz

...rypsin in the intestine. Intermediate subviral particles may pass into the cytoplasm by the endosmal pathway or directly. (Also see [[Reoviridae]])

...f the Picornavirus replication process. Replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and can even occur in enucleated cells and is not inhibited by actinomycin ...o the cell via a membrane receptor. There is an assembly of virions in the cytoplasm followed by the aggregation of the new virus. Cell lysis takes place, after

The rotavirus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Virions enter the host cell by endocytosis and viral mRNA ...rus replication. This occurs when the virion makes direct contact with the cytoplasm. The rough endoplasmic reticulum retains the outer capsid lycoprotein VP7.

The replication of the poxvirus occurs in the cytoplasm. The virus is suficiently complex and has acquired all the functions necess ...e cytoplasm, the particle is further uncoated and the core passes into the cytoplasm. Gene expression is carried out by viral enzymes associated with the core a

...mibiensis''. The inset demonstrates the outer cell wall, the thin layer of cytoplasm lining it, and the large liquid vacuole within the cell. Image from [http:/

...cell through a membrane channel. Virus replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm. The host cell's transcription processes are shut off to a degree that vari

...es [[#References | [2]]]. Transcription and replication takes place in the cytoplasm of host cell [[#References | [5]]]. During replication cycle, each segment ...(RNP) made of viral genomic RNA segment and N protein is released into the cytoplasm. The viral polymerase attached to RNP causes transcription resulting into s

...otect it from degredation. It is crucial for the virus to replicate in the cytoplasm so that it can use the ribosome of the host cell to translate it's viral RN

...locked when the late genes are expressed. Viral mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated instead. Virus assembly occurs. Finally, the host cell dies

...dn't have the vacuolar membrane and directly interacted with the host cell cytoplasm. Most bacterium presented a pili-like structure expanding around the bacter

...structure of a prokaryote. The cells replicate within pig epithelial cell cytoplasm and are not enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles(1). ...stinal proliferating crypt epithelial cells and multiply within the apical cytoplasm" (2).

...to the prey which allows the Vampirococcus bacterium to degrade the preys cytoplasm [4]. ...mpirococcus cell releases enzymes to break down the prey Chromatium cell's cytoplasm, allowing it to "suck out" its cellular components [2]. The freshwater sulf

...icle, which is then inserted in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Within the cytoplasm, new virions are self-assembled. These virus particles are released from th

...transcription-- neither can function alone-- and replication occurs in the cytoplasm. Five monocistronic mRNAs are produced, capped at the 5' end and polyadenyl ...cell factors are not yet known. These events all occur in a portion of the cytoplasm which acts as a virus 'factory' and appears as a charecteristic cytoplasmic

...uoles reduce the size of effective cytoplasm (Kalanetra et al. 2005). The cytoplasm of T. namibiensis is a thin layer of approximately 1-2 micrometres surround ...due to the large central vacuoles which limit the volume of the effective cytoplasm.

...ion with various proteins restricted to certain areas. In addition to the cytoplasm, Gram-negative bacteria must selectively localize proteins to the inner mem =Cytoplasm=

...aminic acid receptor. Virus then invades cell by endocytosis into the cell cytoplasm, where new virions are replicated and released back into the respiratory tr

...es which house the chlorophyll within the cells) located in the peripheral cytoplasm of the bacteria's cells. This feature is one of the bases for the hypothesi

...ratio many bacteria have developed morphologies in order to maintain their cytoplasm no less than a micron away from its outside environment. There are two type ...r vacuoles for later consumption. The Thiomargarita namibiensis also has a cytoplasm that runs along the perimeter of the cell so as to amplify the extra space

...cidic environments by repelling protons and keeping pH near neutral in the cytoplasm.[[#References|[4]]] ...main product of photosynthesis, it can occupy more than 50% of the cell's cytoplasm. [[#References|[2]]]

[[Image:Untitled-2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cell surface and cytoplasm of a ''Thermosphaera'' cell. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstra

...about eight days. Replication of the O’nyong’nyong virus occurs within the cytoplasm, where virions mature by budding through the plasma membrane and virus-enco

...a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that can be found in vacuoles in the cytoplasm and is predominantly pleomorphic, meaning it can be found in a variety of s ...a, 1991). The organism was coated with multiple fimbriae and blebs and the cytoplasm was found to inherit electron-dense polar bodies (Chandra, 1991). ''K. gran

[[Image:Untitled-2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cell surface and cytoplasm of a ''Thermosphaera'' cell. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstra

...ize, length, volume, daily cycle, method of reproduction, and nucleoid and cytoplasm structure. However, the isolation and sequencing of the gene encoding the 1 ...is condensed in a chromosome-like fashion and is separated from the outer cytoplasm. From [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/21/5601?view=full&pmid=979110

The replication of birnaviruses takes place in the cytoplasm. The dsRNA serves as a template for the production of mRNA (+) and progeny

...oront stage the microbe becomes elongated and oval and consists of a dense cytoplasm, yet there is no distinct internal structures. The third stage is the Sporo

...outside of the nucleus. While AID has a half life of around 8 hours in the cytoplasm, nuclear AID has a half life of only about 2.5 hours due to higher levels o

...> can react with phosphate, the energy source of life, its presence in the cytoplasm will prevent energy metabolism and other cellular activities from taking pl ...ps located on the nucleus membrane, and the influx of Ca²⁺ into cytoplasm is likely caused by the interaction of ROS with channel proteins.<ref name=

...f the Picornavirus replication process. Replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and can even occur in enucleated cells and is not inhibited by actinomycin ...f the Picornavirus replication process. Replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and can even occur in enucleated cells and is not inhibited by actinomycin

...lar organisms consisting mainly of cytoplasm and a flexible cell wall. The cytoplasm is capable of changing states. The amoeboid body form is not unique to amoe

...he γ-proteobacteria, called ''Moranella endobia'', which reside within the cytoplasm of the β-proteobacteria, identified as ''Tremblaya princeps'' [5][1].

...le-strand structure. This is done by the virally-encoded polymerase in the cytoplasm that is one of the core proteins whereas the cell's DNA polymerase is in th ...positive strand c-RNA, 3500 bases, is encapsidatd by core proteins in the cytoplasm. Inside the core, the RNA is transcribed to minus strand DNA by the same DN

...ar-shaped. Its appears circular and dark brown under a microscope. In it's cytoplasm in contains digestive vaculoes and starch granules.

...the contents of the fungal peg, but the contents never directly enter the cytoplasm of the cell. It is thought that the bursting of the fungal peg provides a s

...oscopy indicated a fusion between the mycoplasma cells and the host cells' cytoplasm. The replication-associated recombination protein A (rarA) gene and the F0F ...ly restricted to the cytosolic fraction. The ability of ''M. salivarium''s cytoplasm to scavenge oxidants was heat stable and unaffected by sodium azide or exte

...to survive in its high-saline habitat by preventing the dehydration of its cytoplasm. To do this they use a solute which is either found in their cell structure

...rosthecae. Prosthecae are narrow extensions of the cell wall. They contain cytoplasm. ''Prosthecobacter'' have a single polar prosthecae. ''Prosthecobacter'' ha

...rom the roots. It infects cells through penetration by effraction into the cytoplasm, performs transcription and replication, then when enough capped m-RNA's ar

...me length DNA is used as a template. The progeny DNA is transported to the cytoplasm where large concatamers are formed. The concatemers are then packaged into

...r nuclei that arrange themselves on the edges of the microgametocyte where cytoplasm develops into thin projections where nuclei enter then break off into male ...inues to divide and create daughter nuclei, developing vacuoles within the cytoplasm within along with cytoplasmic masses. These masses elongate and house the d

2. Uncoating, and release of the viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm. The precise process of uncoating the CYSDV genome remains unclear. 3. The viral RNA is translated in the cytoplasm by host ribosomes to make RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

...pherical, oval-shaped or slightly elongated. The hydrogenosomes located in cytoplasm with the smooth membrane and homogeneously granular matrix. They were obser Digestive vacuole (DV)/food vacuole: DV was normally found in cytoplasm, and it might contain bacteria, rice starch and myelin configurations. The

...limicola has cell walls characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria, a dense cytoplasm, and an outer membrane with a waved structure. Electron donors and carbon

...uses with the cell membrane, allowing the capsid and tegument to enter the cytoplasm [9]. ...ransported, the tegument proteins surrounding the capsid are shed into the cytoplasm. Although many of these tegument proteins are poorly understood, some are k

...DAP) and glysine . Arabinose, glucose, ribose, and xylose was found in the cytoplasm, but there were no mycolic acids found. The polar lipids that were found i

...l change that results from it, and the nucleocapsids are released into the cytoplasm. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase known as the nucleocapsid-associated L p

...//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic antiseptic] compound once it enters the cytoplasm (Fig 3). The goal is for this compound to bind covalently to many bacterial ...erting to antiseptic-type molecules covalently binding to cells inside the cytoplasm. ¹¹

...sulfide into sulfur which is deposited in intracellular granules in their cytoplasm.[3]

...influenza, all action in the replication of paramyxoviruses occurs in the cytoplasm.

...d into the cytoplasm. The exact mechanism of nucleocapsid uncoating in the cytoplasm is not known but may be related to some sort of destabilization by the init ...id subunit CP autoproteolyses and self assembles into nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm and genomic RNA is encapsidated by an unknown mechanism [2].

...s necessary for the delivery of carbon dioxide to Rubisco are found in the cytoplasm [3].

...e, however it begins its second function where it becomes truncated in the cytoplasm and becomes a regulator of virulence genes by decreasing their expression a ...e it binds FatB, which transports anguibactin to FatDE to pass through the cytoplasm.

...Viral replication of the coronavirus genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm. Infection by the coronavirus can alter cell cycle, transcription, and tra ...ers the host cell, it directly produce its proteins and new genomes in the cytoplasm.^(2,9) The CoV then synthesizes its RNA polymerase that recogniz

...re1]</sup> Viral replication of the coronavirus genome takes place in the cytoplasm. Infection by the coronavirus can alter cell cycle, transcription, transla ...rs the host cell, it directly produces its proteins and new genomes in the cytoplasm.^[2][9] The CoV then synthesizes its RNA polymerase that recogni

...ia rettgeri'' is a typical bacterial cell with a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleoid. ''P. rettgeri'' also has a flagella for mobility. ''P. rettg

...cell. This means that ''Chlamydia'' can inject proteins dircetly into the cytoplasm of the cell and avoid lysosomes. Scientists have also seen the chlamydia-in

...id allow the pathogen to invade host cells and move through the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Many of these same proteins help the pathogen adhere to the host cell wall ...tilizes a Type III Secretion System to deliver its effector protein to the cytoplasm of host cells. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the ATPase- depende

...s with plant proteins[6]. Much evidence points to replication sites in the cytoplasm, in particular coat protein accumulation[6]. The coat proteins sequences sh ...is and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein ophiovirus coat proteins localize to the cytoplasm and self interact in vivo. Elsevier B.V.

..., large, multinucleate cell. It is hypothesized that the nuclei within the cytoplasm of the plasmodium communicate through signal cascades which are comparable ...transport networks by covering the entire surface area in a thin layer of cytoplasm, evolved the network by the contraction of its microtubules in order to dec

...is similar to Marseilleviridae Marseilleviridae. These steps occur in the cytoplasm and in viral factories, areas near the amoeba nucleus. The replication cycl

...e pairs. Many base pairs are uncharacterized orthologs. The orthologs have cytoplasm and nucleus localization. Orthologs also contain cytoskeleton, protein bind

...to the cytoplasm. The gene segments are then transcribed and capped in the cytoplasm. When enough nucleoprotein is present to encapsidate the newly formed antig

...ate, resulting in the production of elemental sulfur that is stored in the cytoplasm in the form of the sulfur globules. This reaction is thought to be: 2NO3-

...early escape from the phagocytic vacuole, multiplication in the host cell cytoplasm, directional intracytosolic motility by induction of actin polymerization a

...is distinguished by accumulation of A-type intracellular particles in the cytoplasm and budding release to acquire viral protease activity. MPMV is pathogenic ...ring about 70 mµ in diameter. These immature particles pre-assemble in the cytoplasm and may occur singly or in cluster (Mason, 1970). Fully formed immature par

...for binding of hepatitis A virus. The virus spends its entire life in the cytoplasm where it replicates using a virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

...called contractile tubules structure that was shown to cause the axopodial cytoplasm to create beads along the length of the pseudopod. They are then able to ho

...through the absorption of silicon compounds. This skeleton is covered with cytoplasm, which is withdrawn if the organism is disturbed. These skeletons do not me

...''Shewanella oneidensis MR-1'' also has a circular plasmid present in its cytoplasm known as pMR-1. This plasmid has 184 genes of which 149 are protein encodin

...allows the iron-siderophore complex into the periplasm, and then into the cytoplasm via [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter ATP-bind .... Therefore, once a certain concentration of iron has been achieved in the cytoplasm of the bacterium, iron uptake genes will be downregulated, ensuring that an

...s the virus replicates by binding to a cell, injecting its genome into the cytoplasm, at which point a negative copy of its genome is synthesized by the cell an

...d mature in the Golgi complex, while alphavirus virions are present in the cytoplasm before budding and mature almost simultaneously with budding. The virions

...re deposited in invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane, external to the cytoplasm. Each cell has a tuft of fimbriae which anchors it to the cell beside it, a

...n, the core of the virus gets released into the cytoplasm. Once inside the cytoplasm, reverse transcriptase synthesizes double stranded DNA from the RNA genome ...yme cannot carry out its functions in the high dilution environment of the cytoplasm [12]. <br>

...ructure called the plasmodium. Thist stage is unicellular; it is a mass of cytoplasm. To enter this stage, cells aggregate and fuse completely to form a single

...s needs to be transported into the ''B. bacteriovorus'' from the prey cell cytoplasm. Therefore, the genome of ''B. bacteriovorus'' also includes a large amoun ...ct on the inner membrane of the prey cell allowing it to access the prey's cytoplasm. The degradation of the inner membrane causes the prey cell to become a bd

...ame to this conclusion via the structure of it. Xenophyophores are made up cytoplasm containing multiple nuclei that is surrounded by branches of tubes called g

...r, and later on can infect other tissues in the body, residing within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Necrotic foci can develop in infected tissue.[1] Immunos

...ingle-celled, and lack a nucleus or other internal membrane systems; their cytoplasm is composed 70%-85% of water. The cells do not possess flagella, but are mo

...sporophytes have singluar lenticular nuclei, which are embedded in a thick cytoplasm. Chlorophyta usually have biflagellated gametes. Like other green plants, C

...nters a cell through it's membrane. Later they escape and replicate in the cytoplasm of other cells.

...evels of intracellular free calcium as well as a rearrangement of the cell cytoplasm. ''Salmonella'' also ruffles the membrane, which appears to be an important

...ia'' forms symbiotic relationships with green algae. The algae live in its cytoplasm. Algal photosynthesis provides a food source for ''Paramecium''. Some speci

...ach to cells, and the glycoproteins allow the capsid and tegument into the cytoplasm of the attacked cell. After reaching the nuclear pore, the viral DNA is re

...ression and replication occurs in the cytoplasm. Once the virus is in the cytoplasm the nucleocapsid and the genome is released. The M2-2 gene governs the tra

...1 &mu;m wide. These cells contain around 20 spherical granules within the cytoplasm, each measuring about 270 nm in diameter; these granules comprise roughly 6

..., and a contracting area in the rear. This contracting area compresses the cytoplasm allowing locomotion. Naegleria divide by fission. ..., prominent nucleolus, many contractile vacuoles (Chandler & Allan, 1971), cytoplasm, pleomorphic mitochondria and some rough reticulum endoplasmatic.(Patterson

...point to the tip of the infection thread and the nucleus with a column of cytoplasm between them; in B the terminated infection thread as well as the tip of th ...threads make their way into the nodule cells and release rhizobia into the cytoplasm of infected cells. The rhizobia, which act as symbiosomes, enlarge and diff

...crophage. There is a prominent nucleus and kinetoplast, and the vacuolated cytoplasm contains lysosomes. The outer membrane has a polysaccharide component but t

...using sodium ion channels that take in Na+. When there is a buildup in the cytoplasm of Na+, the sodium ions are exported from the cell in exchange for hydrogen

...locomotion: they swim with cilia. Cilia are short, hairlike projections of cytoplasm composed of pairs of microtubules surrounded by cell membrane. They line th

...ar iron levels become low. The major function of the toxin is to enter the cytoplasm and inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible host cells [[#References|[4]]] ...s the host cell membrane allowing fragment A to pass through and reach the cytoplasm [[#References|[9]]]. Fragment A then acts as a catalyst to inactivate elong

...rganism has a single circular chromosome within the nucleoid region of its cytoplasm. ''B. subtilis'' has a helical cytoskeleton composed of a single protein. ( ...glycan and spore coat form around a copy of the cell’s DNA and part of the cytoplasm. This allows the bacteria to survive under harsh conditions such as high te