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[[Category:Short pages]] ...rabasalia, the microbes responsible for the breakdown of cellulose for use by the host termite. The study of ''C. microfasciculumque'' may lead to furth

...rmastigotes that have over 50,000 flagella and are large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Genome is unsequenced as of April 2013. By sequencing its SSU rRNA, ''C. macrofasciculumque'' was found to be most sim

[[Category:Short pages]] ...lie Connolly, student of Kazem Kashefi and Edward Walker at Michigan State University.

...acetica is an acetogenic bacteria that can autotrophically produce acetate by reducing carbon dioxide. Acetogenesis can be formed via the acetyl coenzyme ...lic temperatures and is anaerobic. The bacterium is a thermophile, growing at 58°C (140°F).

...enebrarum 4.png|300px|thumb|right|Fig. 1. Cell morphology of strain RMAST by phase-contrast microscopy (a) and TEM (b and c). Electron micrographs were .... Cell walls are thick, approximately 21 nm, and bundles of fimbriae occur at the poles of the cell structure. Metabolically speaking, ''Methanothermobac

...ile others can survive water contaminated by radon, which is a radioactive by-product of uranium mining. ...ut does not grow at 45°C. It can live at 2% NaCl, but one strain can live at 3% NaCl. The cell wall peptidoglycan is made up of DL- diaminopimelic acid

....2µm in length and 0.5µm in diameter as shown in figure 1 [1]. It's motile by means of monotrichous flagellation. The number of chromosomes is unknown. A ...ine iron oxide, which is a dense material, attached to it. It gains energy by reducing Fe (III).

...means thread-forming, sulfate reducer, mud-dweller, was described in 1983 by Widdel. [4, 5] ...ntous, multicellular, prokaryote bacterium. Cells are approximately 2.3-3 by 2-5 µm. The species is a strict anaerobe that is found in organic-rich, s

[[Category:Short pages]] [[Category:Pages edited by students of Dr.Ned Walker at Michigan State University]]

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Dr.Ned Walker at Michigan State University]] ...a beach in North Western Denmark, leaked and polluted the beach and a near by bird sanctuary.

...the genome of Geoglobus ahangari. The DNA is known to be about 58.7% GC. By analysis of the 16S DNA, G. ahangari's two closest relatives are believed t Geoglobus ahangari can operate in an autotrophic sense by using hydrogen as an electron donor while reducing Fe(III) oxide. This pro

...les, which are typically thermophiles, it is a mesophile, meaning it grows at an optimal temperature of 20 – 40 ºC (5). The name vannielii is Latin, ...rded in the gene bank. This protein is important for metabolism and growth by reducing harmful levels of selenium in the organism’s surroundings (6). P

...growth, it was determined that ''C. maquilingensis'' grew best at 85°C and at a pH range of 3.7-4.2. ...pids and trace amounts of diether core lipids. These features are utilized by this microorganism to help it thrive within its very hot and very acidic en

[[Category:Short pages]] ...the end of the cell interacting with myosin. And the extension is caused by the actin reassembling itself back into its body. This is how the Amoeba pr

...ge colonies are formed in 2-5 days (at room temperature RT). Growth occurs at a salinity range 0-0.5% NaCl (w/v). ...uggests that L. planktonicus may not be detrimental to existing ecosystems at all; in fact, it boosted species diversity in said studies. Although the ex

[[Image:m ferrooxydans.jpeg|thumb|310px|right|''M. ferrooxydans viewed by TEM.'']] ...was first discovered at the hydrothermal vents at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. At that location, the temperature is low, iron is abundant, and microbial mats

...ecies, and details of it were generated from research conducted at Cornell University in 2009. This research reported detailed information regarding the species' ...medium which is used for culturing anaerobic microorganisms. While growing at a range of pH values, a pH of 5.5 seemed to be the optimal pH for growth. T

...ing which factors stimulate the production of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen by bacteria ingested into the earthworm gut.]] ...the process of denitrificaion, is among the six greenhouse gases included by the Kyoto protocol on climate change in 1997. Limiting it could help decrea

''Thermoproteus neutrophilus'' is an extreme thermophile, surviving at temperatures up to 95 C. It is an anaerobically growing, sulfur reducing a ...ophilus'' do not have flagella (a characteristic of ''Pyrobaculum''), grow at a lower temperature than most ''Pyrobaculum'', and use only elemental sulfu

...s. Like other endosymbiots, it may add to the fitness of the host organism by supplying nutrients, adding heat resistance or otherwise reduce possibly pr ...ation of oviposition choice of the parasitoid wasp, Encarsia pergandiella, by the endosymbiotic bacterium Cardinium ". ''European Society for Evolutionar

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Dr.Ned Walker at Michigan State University]] ...vironment due to the anaerobic conditions of the termite hind guy. As said by Brune and Stingl, it is hypothesized that parabasalids ferment glycosol uni

...cells are non-motile, non-spore forming and rod shape approximately 0.8- 1 by 5-10 μm in size. These cells have round ends and form a collar due to inv ...ster sludge is an anoxic environment. When cultured, ''D. tiedjei'' grows at a temperature range of 20-38 ℃ and a pH range of 6.5 – 7.8. ''Desulfom

[[Image:Pyrite.jpg |thumb|left|alt=alt text|Percent pyrite removal by <i>M. sedula</i>(black) and control (white). Clark et. al.]] ...(for example, <i>Thiobacillus ferroxidans</i>), however the process occurs at a slower rate than traditional abiotic removal. [6] <i>M. sedula</i>, being

...nia State University and Montana State University. The research was funded by National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and the NASA Exobiology ...gs in Tibet and Thailand.[1] The importance of this discovery is reflected by 'This is only the third time in the last 100 years that a new group of phot

...etyl-CoA, blocking the Krebs cycle and therefore resulting in loss of ATP. By converting arsenate to a non-lethal form, this makes the waters substantial ...sulfate. The strain SLSR-1 showed arsenate reduction was impeded modestly at the highest salinity tested (~330 g/L).

...s enzymes such as chaperone proteins and ATP synthase which are functional at high temperatures instead of denaturing [3]. .... Although the function of the cannulae still remains unknown, the linkage by cannulae therefore could enable cells to exchange metabolites, genetic info

...ture range of 30-57°C. Its pH optima is 9.5, with a range of pH 8.5-10.6, at 55°C. Optimal growth occurs with a salt concentration of around 3.3-3.9 M Some of the carbon and energy sources utilized by ''N. thermophilus'' are: tryptone, fructose, ribose, pyruvate, trimethylami

...The ability of this organism to reduce nitrate is of economic significance by eliminating the need for expensive biocides currently used in the treatment ...gellation and exhibit a rapid corkscrew movement. Cells measure 0.5-0.7 µm by 1.7-2.0 µm and can be seen as singles, in pairs, or arranged in long chain

...t grows in temperatures between 17 and 55°C, with optimal growth occurring at 50°C. It can also grow over a pH range of 5.5-8.5 with the optimal pH valu ...been investigated as being much more efficient to treat the biomass there by yielding a greater amount of sugars. The only issue is that the ionic liqui

...-containing taxa. Thetree was based on a comparison of sequences that were at least 90 % complete (with regard to E. coli sequence). Bar, 10·0 % sequenc ...n acidic sandy loam Cambisol soil in a protected habitat in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Von der Weid, 2006).

...-services.bmb.psu.edu/bryant/lab/Project/Chloroflexi/index.html Penn State University]]] ...nally found in the Nakabusa hot springs in Japan. Ideal conditions to live at are a water temperature ranging from 45 to 55 degrees Celsius and a pH from

...00px|thumb|right|Cellular structure of ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus''. Photo by Sylvia Herter.[http://genome.jgi-psf.org/chlau/chlau.home.html]]] ...anism's genome, but of these, 219 possess a function unknown to scientists at this time. 80% of the genome of ''C. aurantiacus'' is known to code for fun

...sually mesophiles, but strain SS015 is a thermophile. This ability to live at higher temperatures is incorporated into its nomenclature. ''Geothermobacte ...gative bacterium. It can be cultured in its pure form from a fluid sample by use of serial dilution. This method specifically cultures and identifies st

...ta_obscuriglobus_double_membrane-bounded_nuclear_body.png|200px|thumb|left|At the point labeled "G" we can see the thicker inner membrane, and the thinne ...to perform endocytosis on fully folded proteins, it's ability to reproduce by a unique way of budding, and its lack of a cell wall composed of peptidogly

...own to be resistant to environments with up to 1200 µg/mL of Cu, surviving by using phosphates to sequester the metal [3]. ...il and groundwater [1]. ''R. pickettii'' is able to exploit this resource by using the hydrocarbons as both a source of carbon and energy. This process

...mes from other cellulosomal clostridia. 31% of the genome is GC and 69% is AT. 57 cellulosomal genes were reported in ''C. cellulovorans''. ''C. cellulov ...s'' do not reduce sulfate and are obligate anaerobes. Cells are 0.7 to 0.9 by 2.5 to 3.5 µm in size and are non-motile rods, though peritrichous flagell

...class. It is interesting to note that although oomycetes are considered to by eukaryotes, keystone sequences like the TATA box have been missing in some ...pable or reproduction and completing the cycle. Oospores are characterized by their thick cell walls and are relatively large cells.

...e waste in groundwater. It has the ability to reduce uranium and plutonium by reducing soluble forms to insoluble forms [7]. ...re the olny known genes of this bacterium. These genes are usually carried by large conjugative plasmids (50 to 180 kb) that often encode extended-spectr

...or of R.E. Hungate. This genus and species name was first proposed in 1974 by Ferry et. al. The cultures are usually yellow in color, circular in shape, ...For instance, it is mostly gram negative, but the multicellular filaments at the ends test as gram positive (Beveridge et. al. 1991). It grows in groups

...re|A representation of H. ochraceum's genetic structure. Graphic generated by the Joint Genome Institute.'']] ...om seaweed... Myxobacteria are unicellular bacteria that are characterized by complicated multicellular behaviors, such as feeding, social movement, aggr

...b|300px|A photomicrograph of ''F. hibernum'' grown on nutrient-poor medium at 20C for 24hr (McCammon ''et al.'', 1998).]] ...ps ''F. hibernum'' with psychrotrophic microbes, although the temperatures at which growth was possible ranged from -7ºC to 30ºC. This bacterium exhib

...e in regards to the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. This process by bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has only been observed with ...binary mixed culture KoFox grown with ferrous carbonate (''arrow'' points at cell of KoFum)(1).]]

...ld be considered a non-halophilic mesophile as it grows almost exclusively at temperatures ranging from 25-37⁰C, NaCl concentrations below 1% and near ...th problems. Along with irritation of the respiratory tract, eyes and skin by contact, BTEX compounds mainly target the nervous system of humans and anim

[[Category:Pages edited by students at Michigan State University]] ...itrite serve as electron acceptor and anaerobic conditions as investigated by MAR

...cause of the higher recombination rate. The bacteria is usually identified by antibiotic sensitivity testing, serotyping, and bacteriological analysis. ...tive rod. It is oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. The organism moves by polar flagella which are lophotrichous, meaning they have multiple flagella

...., 2000). Purification of recombinant proteins in <i>E. coli</i> is aided by targeting the proteins to particular cell locations and studies of bacteria ...anisms for localization. For example, in <i>E. coli</i> FtsZ forms a ring at the midpoint of dividing cells due to the polar localization of an FtsZ pol

...jpg|frame|right| A Cryptomonas ovata phytoplankter from a sample collected at Lake Toolik (Alaska, USA). From [http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/rawdata/vie ...l lobe of each Cryptomonas, while the striated fibrous root will be joined by five small microtubular roots surrounding the outside before anchoring. [5]

...acetogenic bacterium that usually occurs in pairs. Motility is facilitated by one subterminal flagellum, and infrequently exhibits two flagella. ...nlike heteroacetogenic fermentative microorganisms which can produce other by-products along with acetate.

...moeba hose and instead utilizes the giant viral machinery that is produced by APMV [http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v10/n3/full/nrmicro2676-c3.html ...al/v455/n7209/abs/nature07218.html 4] and decreases cell lysis at 24 hours by 13% [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420851 6].

...h as mines and polluted soil have been shown to resist those metals, often by converting them to an insoluble form. There are records of resistance of s ...ers are observed in all cases, and the species can be keyed out in the lab by those characteristics.

<br>They contain two lipoid structures at the polar ends of the cell. These structures are highly refractile and may ...y elastic slime in varying colors. <i> B. derxii</i> can be characterized by a green fluorescent pigment, this pigment is most prominent on iron-deficie

...200px|thumb|right|Phylogenetic tree by anaylsis of 16S rRNA gene sequences by [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/4/1093 Bozal et al.]]] ...kes. At one point or another, most of the lakes of the Earth were covered by glaciers. In many cases, the glaciers would keep the lakes sealed from the

The ''A. phosphatis'' clade IIA str. UW-1 was mapped by the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) in 2004 with an i ...nt (Pijuan 2003). Another pathway exists through the reduction of glycogen by glycolysis. This process produces ATP and NADH reducing equivalents (Black

[[Image:Potato_plant_ring_rot.jpg|thumb|Taken by J.D. Janse, Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org. Advanced stages of ''C. ...tory, Harpenden Archive, British Crown, Bugwood.org. Potato tuber infected by ''C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.'' Note dark discoloration and cream

...-field micrograph containing intracellular sulfur globules. Photo provided by Hans G. Trüper Bonn (click to enlarge). Source: [http://genome.jgi-psf.org ...gical and Physiological Studies on Purple Sulphur Bacteria (Chromatiaceae) at Aswan High Dam Lake’’”. “IDOSI Publications”. 2008. Volume 4. P.

[[Category:Pages edited by students at Michigan State University]] ...unctions to continue in the ecosystem that it lives. ''M. frigidum'' grows by CO₂ reduction, and uses H₂ as it's electron donator.

...and 3600-3900 proteins.[4] Rolling-circle replication is the method used by most <i>B. pumilus</i> plasmids.[5] Assimilation of plasmids is useful bec ...ore into the environment. The stage of sporangia is between the vegetative state and a free spore in which an immature spore is nested within the cell that

...er species such as ''Alcanivorax venustensis'' were described to be motile by polar flagella [1]. The optimial conditions described for A.borkumensis gro ...e ocean are largely due to anthropogenic sources such as oil spills caused by tankers accidents (Figure 2), and cause serious ecological damage to plants

...te cell size was measured as 3.5 by 0.7 µm. The bacterial cells are motile by means of a flagellum for propulsion, which is located on the concave side o ...approximately 2-3 mm in diameter. The bacteria are also capable at growing at temperatures as low as 5-10°C[3].

...USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory)" Image and caption found at Sciencedaily.com [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070305141222 ...budding most commonly occurring at 25°C. Studies have shown growth ceases at temperatures around 40°C to 45°C [5].

...il|300px|Figure 1. ''Meiothermus silvanus''. Image from Mark Kolari at the University of Helsinki [http://www.biocenter.helsinki.fi/groups/salkinoja/page4.htm]]] ...Microbial "slime" found in paper machines''. Image from Mark Kolari at the University of Helsinki [http://www.biocenter.helsinki.fi/groups/salkinoja/page4.htm]]]

...arine carbon cycle as it fixes inorganic carbon which can then be utilized by herterotrophs. ...Galapagos Islands. In culture ''N. mobilis'' requires media compromised of at least 70% sea water to grow. Just adding salts does not produce a media cap

...st conditions.. Source: [http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PotatoLateBlightPlantDiseasesComponents.aspx]]] ...sporangia (B). Source: [http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PotatoLateBlightPlantDiseasesComponents.aspx]]]

...nd often eliminates soft-rot in leaves of the tobacco plant that is caused by ''Erwinia carotovora'' (European, 2009). ...ulture and horticulture by acting against various fungal plant pathogens by creating phenazine (antibiotic to root rot of cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes,

...about 166.2±2.2 Mb, and race L has a larger genome size than its brothers at about 211.3±1.7 Mb ¹³. :The codon usage of ''B. braunii'' was looked at for possible genetic engineering capabilities and showed that unlike most g

...ss to biofuel and bioproducts. Current research into this idea is looking at a strain of ''L. plantarum'' which has certain genes inactivated to elimina ...ular chromosome it contains 3,308,274 base pairs. The genome was sequenced by using whole genome sequencing as assembly approach. The overall GC content

...is a detailed diagram of a Microbial Fuel Cell and how it generates energy by producing an electrical current with the help of bacterial organisms. (Fuel ...f this organism to optimize the oxidation of the dark fermentation process by making further energy sources out of previously considered waste products c

...thumb|left|''Thiocapsa roseopersicina'' and other sulfur bacteria as drawn by Winogradsky [http://www.uni-due.de/imperia/md/content/water-science/4511_14 ''Thiocapsa roseopersicina'' was discovered by Sergei Winogradsky in the 1880s when he was studying sulfur bacteria.

<!--This is the old text, I have edited it as below, but kept this old version for you to check and review. ~Indu ...pH level of 5.6 [Pivovarova et. al. 2002]. This has led to research aimed at determining how this "pH anomaly" exists and how this organism has evolved

...ose uronic acid (DEH), which is reduced into 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (KDG) by DEH reductase (DehR). Using KDG kinase (KdgK) and KDG-6-phosphate aldolase ...n this organism may be in aquatic environments. This light that is emitted by the organism can offer many benefits to any animal that chooses to uptake t

...n lower temperatures and higher pH than most. <i>M. cuprina</i> grows best at 65°C, and pH 3.5, but can grow in ranges of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl, 55-75° C, an ...http://http://www.cmde.science.ubc.ca/mohn/bill.html Dr. Bill Mohn] at the University of British Columbia.

...anched clusters. Their macroconidia are fusiform, slightly curved, pointed at the tip, mostly three septate, basal cells pedicellate, 23-54 x 3-4.5 µm. ...can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to

...''. Scanning Electron Microscopy image of ''S. spinosa'' hyphae surrounded by spiny sheath (left), and bead-like chains (right). Image is Courtesy of Dow ...re sheaths (Mertz and Yao 1990). Spores are oblong and approximately 1.1μm by 1.5μm (Mertz and Yao 1990). Aerial hyphae have a hook, loop and incomplete

...hat can produce a form of nitrogen (ammonia NH₃) that is usable by plants from atmospheric N₂. In addition, soil fluctuation and po ...ication of metabolites produced by the bacterium is bioflocculation caused by metabolites such as 2,3-butanediol (BDL). The bacterium has also been used

...ntial to be used in industrial settings which produce CO₂ waste by using this waste as fuel under propionate- or valerate-supplemented conditi ...gnal for the photocontrolled phenomena but also as energy for cell growth. At higher light intensity and cell growth, there are a higher proportion of s

...ince then have found building parameters such as lack of ventilation to be at fault. Several microbes have been identified as the most common causes of S ...microbes you may have living in you wall. The microbial life is influenced by insulation material or composition of plaster, climate, season and moisture

<br>The family <i>Flavivirdae</i> has at least 68 viruses that have similar replication processes and are morphologi ...Porterfild, evidence was presented to show that flaviviruses are absorbed by vertebrate cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and then a pH-depend

...prototypical ''E. coli'' O157:H7 strain is EDL933, which was isolated from Michigan ground beef that was linked to the original 1982 outbreak. The ''E. coli'' ...ue tropism of EHEC at the rectal-anal junction and its stable colonization at this anatomical location ensures its persistence and shedding in feces [[#R

...d out to determine the possibility of biological weapons being transmitted by wind current. In the famous “Operation Sea Spray” the US Army filled ba ...consecrated Host onto his hands and the altar [1]. This event was depicted by Raphael on the walls of the Vatican [19].

...gosaccharides and cellobiose. Cellobiose is hydrolyzed to glucose monomers by beta-glucosidase [7]. Most strains use several common sugars, such as gluco ...enetic diversity and low horizontal gene transfer indicate the populations at these geographically distinct sites are evolving independently and indicate

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Anne Estes at Towson University]] ...rams FITCH and KITCH in the program package (PHYLIP version 3.2) developed by Felsenstein (8). From this, it was found that "P. alvei" were most closely

...spheric Research (UCAR), ©1995-1999, 2000 The Regents of the University of Michigan,1994. Online. Available: http://www.windows.ucar.edu **]] ...istically speaking though, the Sargasso Sea was believed to be first found by Christopher Columbus and his crew. They named this sea after the seaweed d