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...health, cultural traditions, and the molecular biological driving forces. The [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Yeast_Ethanol_Fermentation Yeast f ...e</i> has been widely employed in biological studies, in fact contributing the first genome sequenced.

[[File:Teixobactin molecule.png|thumb|300px|right|Stucture of teixobactin. By Kopiersperre via Wikimedia Commons[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3 ...antibiotic, isolated from the soil using a device called the iChip, works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v517/n

...www.kff.org/globalhealth/upload/7882-04.pdf 1]</sup>. It is also the cause of approximately one million deaths every year<sup>[http://www.kff.org/globalh ...he most dangerous to humans, because it has the highest mortality rates of the different species<sup>[http://www.kff.org/globalhealth/upload/7882-04.pdf 1

[[Image: ecoligramstain.jpg |thumb|300px|right| Figure 1. A gram-stain of <i>Escherichia coli</i>]] ...lation, for example, only one in one hundred thousand to one million cells of wild type <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells are persisters. ¹³

...e as a form of treating periodontist and gingivitis, as it was found to be the most effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis<sup>[[#References | [1]]]< ...s them^{[[#References | [10]]]}. Though chlorhexidine mouthwash is the most studied there are other forms it can be used in such as varnishes and

[[Image:Pillar_coral.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 1:</b> Image of Pillar Coral, Dendrogyra cylindricus<sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File ...organism provides necessary nutrients that the other organism is incapable of manufacturing. A unique obligative symbiotic relationship occurs between c

...dex.php/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] bacteria cause the third variation of Necrotizing fasciitis. [[Image:EGoldVibrio.png|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 1.</b> Colorized SEM of a flagellated <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> bacterium; Mag. 26367x. Image from C

...ted by the microbes in their gut, and allows them to greatly contribute to the carbon cycle. (8) ...(B) provided by Scharf et al. (11) In part B, the different components of the digestive tract are labeled: esophagus (E), salivary glands (SG), foregut (

[[File:EMpylori.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Electron micrograph of H. pylori possessing multiple flagella (negative staining). [http://commons ...antibiotic treatments are quickly becoming ineffective, due to resistance of <i>H. pylori</i> to commonly prescribed medicines like clarithromycin, metr

..., astrobiologists look to understand the structural and genomic correlates of hyoerthermostability in order to give indication to what life may look like ...s are highly likely to be correlated with the temperature range conditions of prokaryotic organisms.<br>

...the lessening of these lesions and pain that are typical of patients with the HSV virus[http://www.webmd.com/genital-herpes/pain-management-herpes: <sup> ...ancer may never be eliminated[http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Kaposis-sarcoma/Pages/Introduction.aspx: ⁵].

...n as a rhesus macaque monkey. The natural host for the Herpes B virus. <br>By Geoff Gallice in Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.]] ...nding how it functions and whether or not it skews the results of any kind of biomedical testing, its interspecial and intraspecial transmission abilitie

...tol is a sugar alcohol used as a sugar substitute which is not fermentable by plaque bacteria. It therefore plays a role in preventing dental decay. [[Im ...ace (See figure 1). This increased acidity causes demineralization beneath the tooth surface which can then lead to cavity formation.^[3]

...e.htm 11]</sup> All of the species within the family cause varying degrees of viral hemorrhagic fever illnesses in humans or animals.<sup>[http://www.ncb [[File:Ebola.png|thumb|300px|right|A color enhanced electron micrograph of several Ebola virus particles showing their hooked form<sup>[http://commons

...luenza virus. HA represents hemagglutinin and NA represents neuraminidase. By Zeichner M. Eickmann via Wikimedia Commons. [[#References |³]]]] ...he seasonal influenza vaccine remains the most effective method to prevent the flu.

...sification]] due to its spiny projections but difficult to classify within the species level. It may infect individuals leading to infections such as [[# ..., highly resistant to harsh conditions. This photo was published in 2012. By Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui and Naveed Ahmed Khan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a

...a.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer horizontal gene transfer] and altering of antibiotics. ...dia/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg Figure 2]. 2000x magnified image of methicillin resistant <i>S. aureus</i> bacteria under high magnification]]

...ith nsp8 boost RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and also increases RNA binding by nsp8. ...ww.ppdictionary.com/viruses/sars_cov.htm Transmission electron micrograph of SARS coronavirus]]]

...p8 boost RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and also increase RNA binding by nsp8. ...ww.ppdictionary.com/viruses/sars_cov.htm Transmission electron micrograph of SARS coronavirus]]]

...re 1.</b> Three month old dog infected with CVP2, exhibiting watery stool. By [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parvovirosis-dog.JPG Uwe Gille]]] ...8342442/ ⁴]. A wide range of species are affected by viruses of the Parvoviridae family, however CPV2 does not cross species lines (Decaro and

...rect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625712000387 Pierson, 2012]) A TEM image of dengue virions can be found in Figure 1. <br> ...o emphasize the locations of the virions. Originally by CDC per University of South Carolina Biomedical Sciences web page found through http://en.wikiped

...ry. Extensive research on EBOV has shown that is largely effective because of how it induces massive immune system deregulation in infected humans. ==Overview of Ebola Virus and Ebola Virus Infection==

...|SEM picture of <i>P. Atlantica</i> by Chandra Carpenter at the University of Georgia.^[1].]] ...us <i>Alteromonas</i> and has become an organism of interest to the fields of ecological and pharmaceutical science, due to its influence on biofilm form

[[Image:Bifidobacteriumxtina.png|thumb|300px|right|Picture of Bifidobacterium. From Cann, 2009. ]] ...its, the applications of Bifidobacterium as a probiotics has become one of the most popularly marketed lactic acid bacteria.

...the destruction of ''P. acnes'' in sebaceous glands beneath the surface of the skin. ...the progression of acne from clogged pores to inflammation. Image provided by Cellnique Cosmaceutical. 17 March 2010. Online Image. Flickr. [https://www.

...al to study the molecular biology of the intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance in <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in order to develop new drugs that avo ...insic mechanisms (as opposed to acquired mechanisms that are brought about by chromosomal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation mutations], as discussed

...ri</i> has been crucial to improved diagnostic techniques and treatment of the disease.<br> ...outer membrane antigens to avoid recognition and physically hiding within the host’s tissues.<br>

== Cellulose Breakdown by Microorganisms in the Rumen == ...atly impact their own health, and also effects consumers of their meat and the environment as a whole.

.... There are five currently known species of Ebola, each of which belong to the family <i>[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Filoviridae Filoviridae ...(CDC)]. The high mortality rate associated with infection makes EVD one of the most dangerous pathogens in in existence.

...of tea tree oil, which studies have shown to effectively treat infections of drug-resistant bacteria, including MRSA.² ...v/mrsa/mrsa_initiative/skin_infection/mrsa_photo_9994.html. Public through the CDC]]]

...e building materials and growth conditions that allow SBS and the toxicity of SBS species metabolites. ...moisture specifically) has a positive correlation with most fungal growth; the exception to this would be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophile xerophil

...d immune homeostasis. It has been proposed that changes in the composition of microbial population, a term called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysbiosis ...p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25594888regarding] regarding long-term use of various drugs prescribed to manage CD [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science

...ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228250/: ³]. The overwhelming use of antibiotics has resulted in widespread resistance, therefore alternative an ...yr store in Germany. [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bionicgrrl/3535805377/ By bionicgrrrl].[https://www.flickr.com/photos/bionicgrrl/3535805377/ <sup>11<

...ge and contaminated natural waters. It is not only found in humans, but is the most common parasite to infect other animals as well including cats, dogs, ...le:Giardia_lamblia_SEM_8698_lores.jpg/ By Janice Haney Carr] at the CDC.[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia//]]]

...ce it had been widely speculated that the disease was bacterial and caused by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio <i>Vibrio</i>] bacteria, well-establis ...ellular debris (primarily ribosomal subunits) and degraded viral particles of similar morphology. (Scale bar: 100 nm.) [http://www.pnas.org/content/111/4

...stages of production. Casein is broken in smaller fragments by the action of chymosin.]] ...effects clotting which is the first step in cheese production. By clotting the milk, a solid product called curd is obtained. Curd is then processed to ma

...stand what allows an organism or protein to survive such harsh conditions. By learning what allows these organisms to survive such harsh conditions, rese ==DNA structures of <i>P. fumarii</i>==

...chococcus elongatus</i> strain PCC 7942 and species strain WH8102. Due to the diversity in its metabolism as well as a genome that can be readily manipul ...s, with green fluorescence indicating redox reactions. Photo was produced by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]]

...increase the rate of tumor reduction and only target cancer cells, leaving the other cells intact.[[#References |¹²]] [[Image:CNovyi.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Microscopic Leifson flagella stain of ''Clostridium novyi''. Reprinted from [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Pu

[[File:Anterior wall of uterus.JPG|thumb|450px|right|C-section in progress. Source: [http://upload. ...and limited patient awareness of short and long-term risks associated with the procedure.<sup>[http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db124.htm#x2013;201

.../wiki/Eudicots eudicot] plants which suggests that this symbiosis predated the monocot-dicot split 140-150 million years ago.[[#References |[2]]] It is al ...d biochemical responses to stress, fungal endophytes can induce mechanisms of drought avoidance, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought_tolerance drought

...H. pylori'' can be seen surrounded by the gastric epithelial cells. Photo by Ed Uthman[[#References |¹³]]]] ...dicinal plants. Additionally, studies have found that fractional isolates of honey and turmeric are responsible for antibacterial activity. These compo

...control and treat these diseases, and how to combat drug resistant strains of tuberculosis from developing. ...nown as MDR TB, develops when the bacterium is resistant to two or more of the common anti-tuberculosis drugs such as, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoni

[[Image:Rahovec_Grapes_and_Wine.JPG|thumb|512px|right|Photo of Rahovec Grapes, a common fruit used for vinification.]] .../Flavor flavor] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound aroma] of the final product.

...phages.¹ They can also spread to the gallbladder via ducts from the liver during enterohepatic circulation.² ...h either acute or chronic infections—primarily through fecal contamination of food or water.⁷

...Serotype serotypes] of the virus, serotype 2 was eradicated in 1999, while the other two serotypes (1 and 3) remain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_ ...e different surface structural proteins: VP1, VP2, and VP3. Image provided by [http://www.flickr.com/photos/47353092@N00/6441531607/in/photolist-aPdwVM-a

...proteins. Belcher et al. have nanostructured lithium ion batteries capable of electron transmission with enough energy capacity to even power a car.<br> ==The Idea==

...p://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bacillus_anthracis_Gram.jpg Image from the CDC Public Health Library.]]] ...1, 22 cases of anthrax total occurred in the United States due to this act of bioterrorism (Figure 2).[http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/<sup>3</su

...h <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus </i> GG was launched in Finland in 1990 under the [http://ammattilaiset.valio.fi/portal/page/portal/valiocom/company_informat ...ell poles (Kankainena et al. 2009). <br> Copyright © 2013 National Academy of Sciences <br> [http://www.pnas.org/content/106/40/17193/F3.expansion.html S

...ine may be failing [2]. Researchers have begun to investigate the sources of these failures. ...a rate of 160 deaths per 100,000 cases [2]. In older children and adults the disease often manifests in unexpected and varying ways, making it difficult

...function at high temperatures. Investigating the DNA and protein stability of thermophiles is important because they can reveal what extraterrestrial lif ...ple of a successful biotechnological application of thermozymes is the use of Taq polymerase, isolated from <i>Thermus aquaticus</i> <sup>[http://jb.asm.

...the genome and infectious mechanisms of the species [1]. The wide variety of serovars and host species are challenges that must be overcome, but specifi <br><i>Leptospira interrogans</i> is a type of gram negative bacteria [2]. The cell is thin and spiral shaped with a hook on each end [2]. It is motile a

...<i>Homo sapiens</i>] evolution. Only ten percent of the cells existing in the body are human. Genetically, we are about 1% human, and 99% bacterial [[#Re ...omicron</i> in relation to food particles in the mouse intestine, provided by [http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/11/23/gutjnl-2011-301104.full Larsso

[[Image:P nigrescens 1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 1.</b> Recovery of black-pigmented anaerobe under anaerobic condition from blood agar plate. B ...that is part of the normal oral flora but leads to disease when it infects the local tissue is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevotella_nigrescens<i>Prevo

...d for national surveillance systems for avian deaths and WNV spread. Photo by Ingrid Taylar [[#References |[4]]].]] ...ad, and stress levels. Overall, birds vary widely in how they are affected by West Nile Virus, and further surveillance and research into WNV infections

...mydial inclusion bodies; and 4) cell nuclei. This image is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Source: http://en.wikiped ...pneumoniae</i> may alter properties of the cardiovascular wall may include the bacteria's role in [[#Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (cLPS) in Foam Cell For

...s sufficient quantities of the enzyme and finally delivering the enzyme to the appropriate tissue and cell types. ...red to augment their ability. For example, <i>Deinococcus radiodurans</i>, the most radio-resistant organism known, has been modified to digest toluene an