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[[Category:Short pages]] ...f passage through the guinea pig gastrointestinal tract. [[#References | [2]]]

[[Category:Short pages 2]] ...triction enzyme BamHI which cuts at the palindrome CGATCC.[[#References | [2]]]

[[Category:Short pages]] ...or it. This has made the organism of clinical importance [[#References | [2]]].

[[Category:Short pages]] ...urrounded by cell wall so it does not require heterocyst. [[#References | [2]]]

[[Category:Short pages]] ...aph of cells.Bar, 10 mm. (B and C) Electron micrographs of one cell. Bars, 2 mm.

[[Category:Short pages]] ...inal tract, and facial sinuses, which expand to the brain.[[#References | [2]]] The symptom of these disease are facial and eye pain, allergic reaction,

[[Category:Short pages]] [[Category:Pages edited by students of Prof. McDevitt‏‎]]

[[Category:Short pages]] ...form spores. The cells grow best at 37 degree Celsius and are rod shaped.(2) Prevotella copri is an intestinal bacteria, and its anaerobic qualities al

[[Category:Short pages]] ...iaceae; Thermodesulfatator; Thermodesulfatator atlanticus [[#References | [2]]]

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ritional, biochemical, and serological characteristics.^{[[#References|[2]]]}

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ed cells. They show rapid gliding motility. Colonies are yellow, circular, 2-4 mm in diameter, and have a smooth surface after cultivation on marine aga

[[Category:Short pages]] [[Category:Pages edited by students of Dr.Ned Walker at Michigan State University]]

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ll-wall hydrolysate; rhamnose and galactose comprise the cell-wall sugars.[2] The isolate grows best at 30 degrees Celsius, and a neutral pH. Members

[[Category:Short pages 2]] ...s 2.05 million bp in length and is a single circular chromosome with about 2,066 genes. It shares many core genomic and metabolic features with other pl

[[Category:Short pages]] ...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''

[[Category:Short pages]] ...very of tumorigenic DNA into the plant genome known as transformation, and 2. the resultant alteration of plant cell metabolism. This results in cell po

[[Category:Short pages]] ...mperatures between 60-92°C (optimum = 85°C) and in the pH range of 2.0-6.0 (optimum at 3.8). It forms smooth white colonies which are approximat

[[Category:Short pages]] ...humans, as well as abscesses and peritoneal fluid-fluid in the abdomen. (1,2,3,4,5)

[[Category:Short pages]] ...m forest soil (98.3%-99.5%), as well as Xiphinemato- bacter spp. (91.5%-92.2%), which is a ectoparasitic root nematodes found in soil.

[[Category:Short pages]] ...clustered with Lutibacter litoralis CL-TF09(T) and Lutibacter maritimus S7-2(T), with which it exhibited 97.3 and 95.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence simila

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ival in Aquatic Biocenoses." Russian Journal of Ecology, Volume 32, Number 2, 4 March 2001, pp. 94-97(4)]

<br><b>Subscript:</b> H₂O Perhaps one of the highest-impact short-term genetic digestive change has been the evolution of a Lactase-permanenc

[[Category:Short pages]] [[File:amoeba_proteus_x_100.jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Amoeba proteus'' [2]]]

[[Category:Short pages 2]] ...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''

[[Category:Short pages]] ...oice for researchers studying the biosynthesis of cellulose [[#References|[2]]]. As a model organism it is used to study the mode by which cellulose is

[[Category:Short pages]] ...lammation of the heart), spondylodiscitis (pertains to the inflammation of 2 or more vertebrae), speticaemia ( pertains to blood poisoning), and celluli

[[Category:Short pages 2]]

[[Category:Short pages 2]] [[Image:Phylogenetic tree 16s rRNA.jpeg|thumb|Fig. 2. The phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, constructed by

[[Category:Short pages]] ...han the sporont stage, and has a distinct cell wall as well as two nuclei [2]. A complete sequencing of ''N. ceranae'''s genome revealed a size of 7.86

[[Category:Short pages]] ...mes. The plasmid pES100 is 45,849 base pairs in length. Chromosome one is 2,897,536 base pairs long while chromosome two is 1,330,333 base pairs in len

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ceptor site, and transiently exposes viral RNA while penetrating the cell [2]. The family Leviviridae is found to have one of the fastest known mutation

[[Category:Short pages]] ''T. primitia'' is 0.2 μm in diameter and 3 to 7 μm long. (7)

[[Category:Short pages 2]] ...uishable from other Chlamydiales by their quadrangular or dumbbell shapes (2,3).

[[Category:Short pages]] ...yield increase of half a bushel per acre profitable and yield increases of 2 to 7 bu/ac have been common." Dr. Jim Beuerlein Dept. of Horticulture and C

...l of 429 spacer sequences within the three clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat regions in the genome and this number is the largest amo ...ate as they die. They have solid substrata, which is used for gliding, at 2-5 micrometers sec -1. The cells are peach colored and contain carotenoid sa

...t or in diseases that are characterized by alterations in bile production [2]. [[File:Screen Shot 2024-04-17 at 9.31.54 AM.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 2--Graphical map of ''Alistipes finegoldii'' chromosome [3]]]

Tamlana crocina strain HST1-43T are Gram-negative, short rods (approximately 0.7-1.1µm in length and 0.3-0.5µm wide)[1]. The bacte ...lizing D-mannitol, c-hydroxybutyric acid, phenylethylamine, putrescine and 2,3-butanediol as sole carbon energy sources [1].

...ve lives of millions of people. In the U.S alone, it is nearly eradicated [2]. Ironic that a mild, discomforting ulcer on the mammary gland of cows coul ...mplex that can synthesize, cap, methylate, and polyadenlylate early mRNAs [2]. Cowpox replicates in the cytoplasm. It is aided by DNA and RNA polymerase

A. caldus is a short, rod-shaped bacterium that moves using a single flagellum. It is gram-negat ...the two strains exhibit 100% homology with one another, yet showed between 2-20% DNA hybridization with other species in the genus. A. caldus strains ha

[[Category:Short pages]] ...of HCV cases in developed countries are attributed to injection drug use (2). Other modes of transmittence include:

2. Add a vertical line stemming from the bottom left, and bottom right of the 7. Now for the bottom, all you need to do is make a short vertical line stemming from the lower peak of the M. Draw a line connecting

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ies. The size of a typical cell is 0.6-1.6 micrometers in diameter and 2.1-2.5 micrometers in length.

...ial growth patterns in the lab are very different from growth in the wild [2]. Change in bacterial growth patterns is a direct result of change in the b ...hese factors, and there are usually sharp transitions between morphotypes [2].

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...ctions in the abdominal cavity and female urogenitary tract [[#References|[2]]].

[[Category:Short pages]] ...nd oxidase-positive. The optimum condition for its growth is 25-30 °C with 2-3% NaCl, and its optimum pH is 7.0-8.0. It has been represented and support

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' 2.) Oxygen

...e. Reverse pigmentation shows up as a yellow-brown or reddish-brown color [2]. ...dia and varying in numbers of spherical chlamydospores, and spiral hyphae [2]. Some cultures show central folding or develop raised central tufts or ple

...acidophilus'' has been further characterized as a short Gram-positive rod (2-10μm), is homofermentative and has optimal growth at temperatures of 37˚C ...fluid milk production. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/11/3906 (2)]

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Maggie Osburn at Northwestern University]] ...</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH₄, and N₂O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/fu

...rmed are round, convex and smooth. Cells are usually alone, in pairs or in short chains when viewed under a microscope. When incubated for longer than 48 ho 2)[http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/40/2/205.full.pdf+html?sid=80813334-11f0-4d39-bd47-5f6e26803f3b Shah, H. and Col

...by autotrophy. However, they can also take nourishment heterotrophically [2]. ...ents Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b to produce sugars via photosynthesis [2]. Euglena's chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes. Euglena chlor

...while only a few them have been successfully grown in enrichment cultures.[2] The Physiological characteristics of Candidatus Scalindua affiliated ...why the “Candidatus Scalindua sp.” can have advantage in marine sediments.[2]

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...movement, and spore-like akinetes that allow the cell to undergo dormancy (2).

...ng inbred mouse strains characterized by a high incidence of mammary tumor[2]. Nowadays, it is the best studied oncogenic virus, causing 95% of mammary ...n size and it encodes 7 genes [6]. The genome is bound at either side by a short direct repeat (R).Unlike most retroviruses, which contain a stop codon in t

[[Category:Short pages]] ...45 tRNAs representing them along with four pseudogenes. The genome encodes 2,157 predicted proteins accounting for almost 90% of the entire genome. 18 p

[[Category:Short pages]] 2. B.M. Ngugi, A. Hemmerling, E.A. Bukusi. 2011. Effects of bacterial vaginos

...effort has been put forth to sequence a lot of the C. trachomatis genome [2]. ...ed to code for proteins comprised of more than 100 amino acids, along with short non-coding sequences amongst some of them." [1] Stimulatingly, in their nuc

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' [[Image:microbialslime.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Figure 2. ''Microbial "slime" found in paper machines''. Image from Mark Kolari at t

...of strain Red1T and its closest relatives. Constructed from 16SrRNA. Bar, 2 nucleotide exchanges per 100 nucleotides.]] short rod shape and flagella (arrow). Bar, 0.2 μm.]]

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' The location was mostly Lewisville silty clay at 1-2 percent slopes.

...h higher rates of obesity, increased inflammation, and an increase in Type 2 diabetes symptoms [1,3,11]. ...bp with a G+C content of 55.8%.''Akkermansia muciniphila'' has a total of 2,176 protein coding sequences and an overall coding capacity of 88.8% [7]. O

...of the capsule allow for ''C. neoformans'' to evade host immune response [2].''C. neoformans'' can exist as either of two mating types, '''a''' or α, ...ound as yeast cells but has the ability to form pseudo-hyphae as well as a short-lived hyphal stage which exists solely for sexual reproduction [4].

...a are identified as large, multinucleate, asexual spores that are commonly short, wide, and smooth in appearance. In contrast to other dermatophytes, <i>E. ...s spore producing fungi. It contains an usual lipid "characterized as 1(3),2-diacylglyceryl-3(1)-O-4’(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine. Its concentration in

=2. Description and significance= ...sed animals as well as an important microbe on the ocular surface of mice [2] and humans [3]. C. mastitidis was first discovered in 1997 after researche

...e externa per crab is typical, 10% of crabs had multiple externae, usually 2-3, but sometimes as many as six. <!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington]]

...y the entire leaf becomes yellow except for the veins, which remain green [2]. In certain varieties, small green spots may develop on the leaves as well ...ced. However, the complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of genomic RNAs 1 and 2 of for the Spanish isolate CYSDV-AlLM are known.

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Dr.Ned Walker at Michigan State University]] ...ed food source was pNP, growth was also observed when food sources such as short chain fatty acids, salicylate and a range of alcohols such as phenols and 4

[[Category:Short pages]] 2. Discovery

...been associated with diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and Type 2 diabetes [11]. Live Biotherapeutics Drug Discovery has announced ''R. intes ...help the bacteria gain host-phage resistance via horizontal gene transfer [2].

...n an agar. It is a gram-negative bacillus bacterium. They are described as short single rods and they are pink when stained and seen under a microscope. <i> <i>Myroides pelagicus</i> size is 0.5-1 µm in diameter and 0.2-0.3 µm wide. <i>Myroides pelagicus</i> grows best when the temperature is

...(NSAIDs). NSAIDs are a very common class of medications that are used for short-term pain relief and to reduce inflammation. However, long-term use of NSAI ...mc/articles/PMC5588883/ Amanda et al. “Update on the use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses.” Journal of the

...ing frames (Siebers et al., 2011). The single circular chromosome contains 2,051 protein-encoding open reading frames with an average length of 813 base ...hydrogen oxidation. (Siebers et al., 2011) The electron transport chain is short and simplified, with sulfur acting as the final electron acceptor. (Siebers

...tion, production of allelochemicals and other interactions [[#References |[2]]][[#References |[1]]]. Bacteria, fungi and viruses can all act as biocontr ...f a limited resource by both that species and other species[[#References |[2]]]. While a promising avenue for biocontrol, competition has not been well

[[Category:Short pages]] [[Category:Pages edited by students of Prof. McDevitt]]

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...on or energy source. The lack of mannose isomerase (coverts mannose to its 2 epimer glucose) causes a build up of mannose 6-phosphate and subsequent dea

...r mycoplasmas, it still contains a large number of unique proteins (Figure 2). This large set of proteins is most likely due to its target for red blood The cell morphology of ''M. haemofelis'' is a short coccus- or rod-shaped , gram negative bacteria. It also lacks a cell wall.

<i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> is bacillus in shape. The short rods have rounded ends which allow it to be easily confused as a coccus. Th Bergey,David Hendricks,<u>.Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Proteobacteria. Part B,The Gammaproteobacteria</u>.Williams & Wilkins,

=2. Description and Significance= ..., catalase- and oxidase-negative [[#9. References |[1]]],[[#9. References|[2]]]. The ''Odoribacter'' was originally isolated from a ventral abscess in h

...ts attack phase, moving at speeds faster than 100 cell lengths per second (2,3). These obligate predators grow as small plaques on lawns of prey bacteri ...ecies <I>B. bacteriovorus</I>, the closest relative of <I>B. exovorus</I> (2).]]

...cells can withstand drying conditions, as well as extreme temperatures for short amounts of time to allow dispersal to be easier for the organism. The outer ...he water increases. They can tolerate temperature from 40˚ C to -20˚ C for short amounts of times, but prefer around 23˚ C ⁵. These are fully ph

NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] ...ns bacterium is rod-shaped and filamentous, but it grows and breaks into a short rod or coccus ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155994 10]).

...intestinal microbiota and potentially improve intestinal barrier function[2]. It has long been speculation that probiotics are useful in alleviating or ...rons, 4 rRNA operons, and a 36 base pair cluster of regularly interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)[4].

[[Category:Short Pages]] 2. Sclerotia: a dormant stage formed in poor growing conditions.<br>

=2. Description and significance= ...re member of the murine gut microbiota. American Society for Microbiology, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00171-16.</ref>. Results showed that t

...of flu illness by approximately 50-60%, these seasonal vaccines only offer short-term and highly specific humoral immunity attributed to the frequent [http: ...e hemagglutinin functions. While these vaccines are effective at providing short-term immunity, they have some significant drawbacks [5, 6]. For the vaccine

...tion and its ecological functions as '''consequences''' of plant invasion; 2)changed or original microbial community influences the process of invasive ...native plants may confound the effects of enemy release^{[[#References|[2]]]}.

Species: ''ferrooxidans'' (2) [[Image:Phylo.JPG|thumb|600px|right|FIGURE 2. 16s rRNA based tree showing the phylogenetic relationships of ''C. ferroox

=2. Introduction= ...of the disease into dengue hemorrhagic fever (2). Even though dengue is a short-term illness, a severe infection can be deadly. Although most cases occur i

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...ney bee (<i> Apis mellifera </i>) worker gut microbiota [7]. The cells are short gram negative rods. On agar, <i> S. alvi </i> wkB2 forms smooth white round

...nome. Later, if the cell encounters foreign DNA, it will compare it to the short stored sequences. If the sequences of the stored and foreign DNA match, the [[Image: cascade schematic.PNG|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2. Overview of the operation of the CRISPR/cas system. A schematic of CASCADE

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...rs in width and 0.9micrometers in length and they occur either in pairs or short chains (Lin, Miller 2007). M. gottschalkii is Gram positive, and the cell w

...infected larvae may survive and develop into seemingly unaffected adults [2]. While Kashmir bee virus infection alone may not be of much significance, ...rotein. These ORFs are separated by and intergenic region and flanked with short non-coding regions. [6]

...majority of people infected get better within a week after the symptoms.[1,2] See also the microbewiki pages for [[E. coli]] and [[E. coli O157:H7]]

=2. Introduction= ...across the globe is regarded as a serious cause for concern[[#References |[2]]]. Furthermore, there is lack of research on the defining characteristics

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jennifer Talbot at Boston University]] ...oms (1) ; however, some studies show that there is no causal relationship (2). D. fragilis has a worldwide distribution in both urban and rural areas, w

...eneral Microbiology, 112(2), 389–392. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-112-2-389 ...2022). A genomic sequence of the type II-A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system in ''Mycoplasma saliv

...observation that these bacteria often exist in a Y-shaped, or bifid form (2,4). ...n dairy products because dairy products need to be refrigerated and have a short shelf life, in addition to being a commonly consumed source of nutrients, e

...d produce hydrogen(hydrogen gas being the by-product of nitrogen fixation)[2]. In the presence of oxygen it catabolizes a range of hydrocarbons from sug ...s three nitrogenases, five benzene ring pathways and four light harvesting 2 systems which enable it to carry out its diverse metabolisms. It also has g

...mon soil definition is "Soils as a media for plant growth" [[#References |[2]]. However, soils have several functions that determine the ecological role ...oval tend to increase the amount of carbon and nitrogen in the soil at the short term. This process is due to the rapid incorporation of small size carbon m

...e responses (DDRs). There are certain lengths to where the telomere is too short, and it is known as the "critical length". At this critical length, most ce ...NF-kB, AP-2, and HIF-1. The down regulators include: p52, MAD, WT1, MZF-2, SIP1, and Menin. With upregulation of the hTERT gene, it results in the ce

...spread of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria between (1) hospitals, (2) family and pets, (3) agricultural products, (4) tourists and food imports, ..., 340(20), 1525-1532.</ref>, exposure to infected individuals, etc (Figure 2).

...cost the United States cattle industry about 640 million dollars annually [2]. ...which means that its genome contains two unique regions, one long and one short (UL and US), the second of which is flanked by inverted repeats (IR and TR)

...jpg|thumb|A culture of ''F. oxysporum'' displays it's purple pigmentation [2]]] ...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''

[[File:Elysia chlorotica stages.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2.Development stages of <i>E. chlorotica</i>. <b>(A)</b> Larval Stage of <i>E ...dividuals can grow up to 6cm in length but are more commonly found between 2~3cm. An <i>E. chlorotica</i> has four stages of development: larval, juveni

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...RTBV genome contains four open reading frames (ORF); the function of ORF 1,2, and 4 are unknown. ORF 3 is thought to be associated with cell-to-cell mov

...el Island, Florida, with an American Crocodile. Wikipedia jimfbleak 13:37, 2 April 2006 (UTC)]] ...5), and is lost from the soil system in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Heterotrophic respiration may completely deplete oxygen in flooded

=2. Description and significance= ...insect larva, and a variety of soils [[#References |[1]]] [[#References |[2]]]. Originally, this bacteria was a part of the genus Bacillus, but was rec

[[Image:mic processes 2 MLF.jpg|frame|center|The process of MLF is carried out by LAB and involves [[Image:key org 2 01_lactobacillus_p_l.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Scanning electron microscopy im

[[Image: giant3.jpg|thumb|200px|left| Fig. 2 Image of a giant ground sloth. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian- ...e ground to defecate are also dangerous for sloths. In order to survive, a short time spent defecating is necessary.<br></br> One of the main mysteries of s

[[Image:Ring_trapping-2.jpg‎|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of a nematode being trapped by ...hese endoparasitic fungi can spread throughout a community in a measurably short time and weaken a whole population of nematodes throughout the process.

...tal conditions such as overcrowding and captivity <ref name=pops11>[http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/publications/DensityInfanticide.html Moore, Jim. “Popula ...lism in Wild Moustached Tamarins, Saguinus Mystax.” Primates, vol. 52, no. 2, 2011, pp. 179–186., doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0238-6. ]</ref><br>

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jennifer Bhatnagar at Boston University]] =2. Description and significance=

...l nervous system disorders. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2014 May 1;38:1-2.]</ref> <ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nu ...3):G461-9.]</ref> <br><br> [[Image:rathuman.png|thumb|300px|left|<b>Figure 2:</b> This diagram shows the differences and similarities between human and

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma]] ...re Gram positive, facultative anaerobes that are observed to be bacilli in short chains. If a direct sample is observed under the microscope, <i>Listeria</i

...nd photosystem II, state transitions and its role in energy transfer [10]. 2) In motility, the coordination between the flagella and the photoreceptor i ...r mixotrophically when utilizing acetate as the carbon source while CO₂ is assimilated during photosynthesis. As for the need for nitrogen, a

=2. Description and significance= ...biosensor activity declines by 50% in just eight days, which suggests only short-term stability of its receptor elements and therefore limits practical appl

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...o ambient air, ''F. prausnitzii'' loses its viability within approximately 2 minutes [11, 6]. These attributes have led to challenges regarding the cult

[[Category:Short pages]] ...ant consideration to scientists during an era of rising ocean temperature (2).

From the short-lived cultures, scientists have been able to learn some information about T ...looms helps initiate the blooms of other bacteria, such as Karenie brevis (2). Most nonheterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria only fix nitrogen at cer

...ing function.<ref name = C7/> [[Image: FiG2.png|thumb|300px|left|<b>Figure 2</b>: The role of TDP – 43 in the progression of ALS and the location of m ...arker of neuronal death but play a crucial role in the ALS pathway (Figure 2). The mechanism behind mutations in TDP – 43 protein causing the neurodeg

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_parvovirus/ Canine parvovirus type 2] (CPV2) is a highly contagious [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus/ virus] [[Image:Canine_parvo_amino_acids.jpeg|thumb|450px|right|<b>Figure 2.</b> Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis of VP2 across CPV variant

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' Depth: Surface to 2”

...00px|FIGURE 1. The image b to the right shows a microscopic sample of the short rod shaped, circular ended ''Pelobacter Propionicus.'' The species is shown ...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''

...ed from ''A. thiooxidans'' by its multiple flagella, more narrow pH range (2.5 - 5.5 for ''A. albertensis'' vs 0.5 - 5.5 for ''A. thiooxidans''), and hi Plasmids and other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) make up 16.2% of the ''A. albertensis'' genome and are the main source of genetic differ

...peptide, which is made up of linear chains of alternating amino sugars and short peptide chains of 3-5 amino acids. Cross-links between peptide chains creat (2) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91618M. Salkino

[[File:File.jpg|thumb|300px|right|'''FIGURE 2''': General structure of a Henipavirus. The six key proteins, P, N, F, G, M ...lasm and involved in regulation of transcription and replication [''FIGURE 2''].

[Accessed 2 December 2021].</ref>]] ...ed of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), and water. This combination is highly effective and long-lasting. B

...nus Bacillus, is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that typically forms short chains of cells. It is an aerobic organism that is also capable of function <p>[[Image:bAnthracisGenome.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2. An illustration of the complete genome of <i>B. anthracis</i>. The image w

...gambiense</I> and <I>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense</I> through its bite [2]. In central and South America the kissing bug (subfamily <I>Triatominae</I [[Image: Tsetsefly.jpg‎‎|thumb|200px|right|Figure 2. Tsetse fly with a blood meal, vector of <I>T. brucei</I> [5].]]

...taxa within it that have distinct niches around the human body (see Figure 2). Figure 2: Phylogenetic tree showing Dialister genus based on 16SrRNA. D. invisus is

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Angela Kent at the University of Illinois at Urbana-C ...bles. Table 1 below shows examples of Airborne Plant pathogens, and Table 2 shows examples of airborne human pathogens.

=2. Description and significance= ...that asymptomatic carriers are prevalent for this disease. [[#References |[2]]]. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is fatal in undiagnosed and untreated individu

...fo:pmid/10963683&rft_id=info:doi/10%2E1073%2Fpnas%2E97%2E18%2E10231/: ²] ...fo:pmid/10963683&rft_id=info:doi/10%2E1073%2Fpnas%2E97%2E18%2E10231/: ²]

...n FmBs12. [https://academic-oup-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/femspd/article/65/2/318/682988?login=true] ]] [[File: Screen Shot 2022-04-17 at 8.31.20 PM.png|thumb ||380px| '''Figure 2.''' Image of two distinct morphs of ''F. magna''; top row is a biofilm-prod

...rtially digested food then moves to the omasum, where water, vitamins, and short chain fatty-acids from fermentation are absorbed into the animal’s body. [[Image:rumen.png|thumb|300px|left| Figure 2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant The four chambered stomach of rumin

''Serratia marcescens'' is a motile,short rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe bacterium, classified as an ''Serratia marcescens'' is short and rod shaped. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow in e

...l.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021951796903486 ²] [[File:UASB.png|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 2</b> - UASB as a single tank process - wastewater enters from the bottom and

...viruses that are causative agents of many diseases, such as HSV-1 and HSV-2 for cold sores and genital warts, varicella zoster for chicken pox and shin ...0% of adults in the United States have HSV-1, and that nearly 20% have HSV-2 [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5915a3.htm (CDC, 2010)]. The wi

...eir total dependence of on fungal carbon, and maximum adult sizes of up to 2 meters tall (<i>Pterospora andromedea</i>) and masses of several kilograms ...stem and/or leaf photosynthetic capacity (partial mycoheterotrophy) or <b>(2)</b> receive supplemental carbon from a common mycelial network (facultativ

...30,000 deaths annually with almost 200,000 cases occurring in Africa.² YF is an acute infection, and has high mortality rates ranging from 2 [[Image:YF_WHO_Map.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2. Map depicting geographic high-risk areas for Yellow Fever, published by th

...d curd form of milk from the liquid form of milk, called the whey. <small>[2]</small> Most of the moisture is removed from the curd to form a solid. At [2] Blede, S.L., Reinbold, G.W, and Hammond E.G. 1975. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1976

...> has the potential to be used in industrial settings which produce CO₂ waste by using this waste as fuel under propionate- or valerate-suppl ...s concurrent with an increase in nitrogenase activity, which reduces N₂ to NH₃ (Fleming et al.) Magnesium is also required for <i>

...yzing the abdomen of infected cows that had died of anthrax [[#References|[2]]]. Anthrax was broadly studied in the 1870s by Robert Koch and Louis Paste [[Image:Fulton2.jpg|thumb|200px|Right|<b> Figure 2. The spore form of <i>Bacillus Anthracis</i> with Shoeffer Fulton Stain </b

...|thumb|right|Figure 2. Main vector of dengue virus, <I>Aedes aegypti</I>. [2]]] ...serotype but only partial (heterologous) immunity to other serotypes for a short period of time post-infection. After this initial, partial immunity the ris

=2. Description and significance= ...and tomatoes, but has the ability to infect over 1400 host plant species [2, 3]. A key aspect of ''B. cinerea'' is its ability to present as a pathogen

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' Weather conditions on January 29, 2016 at 11:53 am were as follows [2]

...tm#x2013;2011 1],[http://www.childbirthconnection.org/article.asp?ck=10456 2]</sup> ...a typical healthy adult.^{[http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/69/5/1035s.short 5]}

..., ''Christensenella'' ''massiliensis'', ''Christensenella timonensis'' (1, 2) =2. Description and significance=

...d=83334&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: <font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/167?project_id=57831 Escherichia coli ...break. The ''E. coli'' EDL933 genome was sequenced in 2001. [[#References|[2]]] This strain of O157:H7 has been used in hundreds of scientific studies.

...CBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' ...ulyticus'', is a Gram negative, motile rod-shaped bacteria that can be 1.4-2.8um in length (size dependent on growth medium). It belongs to the nitroge

...on the surface of a brown microalgae in the Gambier Islands[[#References |[2]]]. ...Jania and other algal host species through a mucus thread [[#References |[2]]], and as such, this attachment does not occur in dry environments [[#Refe

...e shown that transforming CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells with a CCR5 short hairpin RNA gene, a TRIM5α gene, and a transactivation response element ge ...s well as well as regulatory genes that modulate host interactions (figure 2). The ''gag'' gene is responsible for glycoprotein structure, the ''env'' g

...genes arranged in two unique regions, the long unique region (UL) and the short unique region (US), flanked by inverted repeats [16,24]. <br>Protein coding genes are transcribed by host RNA polymerase II [2]. The first genes to be expressed during infection, immediate early genes,

...rption. [http://coloncancer.about.com/od/glossaries/g/Large_Intestine.htm (2)] ...rectum prior to excretion, and metabolizing undigested polysaccharides to short-chain fatty acids, which are passively absorbed for energy use. [http://en.

=2. Description and significance= ...actors that contribute to aphids’ high adaptability are poorly understood [2][8]. Potyvirus can cause a widespread negative impact on the entire agricul

[[Image:4441009a-f1.2.jpg|thumb|330px|right|"The human gut and (inset) a scanning electron microg ...cteria</i>, and <i>Verrucobacteria</i> are frequently established as well (2, 6).

...taminated blood, and from mother to child in utero being the primary ones [2]. <br><br> ...for a successful HIV- pregnancy: 1) antiretroviral therapy for the mother, 2) semen washing (if the father is HIV+), 3) alternative insemination, 4) spe

...iplets, etc.), primiparity (the number of offspring female has borne), and short intervals of time between pregnancies, increase risk of preterm birth.<ref ...or individuals, preterm birth incurs high societal costs, estimated at $26.2 billion yearly.<ref name='fifteen'></ref><ref name=three/><ref name='two'><

[[Image:plasmodiumlifecycle.png|thumb|450px|left|'''Figure 2:''' The malaria parasite life cycle.<ref>[CDC. 2019. “CDC - DPDx - Malari ...d by an abnormally high fever. Such symptoms happen in paroxysms, known as short bursts, which correspond to the rupture of the infected red blood cells. T

...3, it was estimated that 35 million people were living with HIV, with over 2 million new infections that year<sup>[https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/ ...utate and adapt (Novitsky et al. 2010).^{[http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/1/33 6]}]]

...ble for releasing greenhouse gases (N₂O, CH₄, CO₂) into the atmosphere. <ref>United States Environmental Protection Age Oxygen gas (O₂) is one of the most favorable electron acceptors, but it is typically

...ly smaller than the genome; pFRP1-1 is about 297 kbp in length while pFRP1-2 is about half of that size, at 121 kbp in length. All in all, the genetic m ...in terms of degree of branching, primary mode of growth, and diameter (0.3-2μm). These hyphae often fragment into rod- or oval-shaped elements as they

...intramolecular repulsion and repulsion of adjacent cationic polymers (Fig. 2). This novel antibacterial agent has such an overarching, destructive effec [[Image:7922notw3.ce.JPG|thumb|300px|right| Fig. 2. Highlights the active portion of hexyl PVP. [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topst

...ble for releasing greenhouse gases (N₂O, CH₄, CO₂) into the atmosphere. <ref>United States Environmental Protection Age Oxygen gas (O₂) is one of the most favorable electron acceptors, but it is typically

...right-sided colon Crohn’s disease. Corticosteroids are only effective for short-term acute episodes and are not recommended for long-term use due to variou <br>2. Prepare fecal suspension by adding 0.5-1L of 0.9% saline to the blender a

is 2,160,842 base pairs long. The circular double-stranded DNA has a guanine-cyt ...-motile, non-spore forming, lancet-shaped mesophile that grows in pairs or short chains. It is classified as Gram-positive, having a cell membrane surrounde

...onary history, biology, and an uncertain future." Journal of mammalogy 100.2 (2019): 308-327.</ref> ...onary history, biology, and an uncertain future." Journal of mammalogy 100.2 (2019): 308-327.</ref>

...neural, hormonal, metabolic, and immune-mediated mechanisms.[[#References|[2]]] ...rld's population according to The World Health Organization.[[#References|[2]]] The two comorbid conditions are seen to dually affect approximately 60%

...cause of the rapid extinction and reestablishment of populations given the short lifespan of hydrothermal vents. Therefore the lack of genetic diversificati ...'' to position itself in the tube, and the richly vascularized trophosome [2]. ''R. pachyptila'' does not have a digestive tract and must live in an obl

[[Image:skin layers3.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Figure 2: A diagram of the different skin layers. Source: Alonso & Fuchs (2003)]] ...cells, which are usually below several layers of epithelial cells (Figure 2).

...urnals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002351 ²] ...urnals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002351 ²] A dynein-based mechanism is used to make ''Wolbachia'' localize to t

...ps://i1.wp.com/ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repository/calag/fig6701p71.jpg?zoom=2 Image Source]]] ...uring the denitrification and nitrification processes nitrous oxide, N₂O, is produced and escapes into atmosphere.

...ven in patients without periodontitis and with endodontic infections.^{[2] [3]} ...negative control without DNA. (B) Lanes 1 and 13, 100-bp DNA ladder; lanes 2 to 11, P. nigrescens types A and E to M, respectively; lane 12, negative co

[[Image:Elephant_shark_evolution.jpg|thumb|400px|left|<b>Figure 2</b> Phylogeny of chordates demonstrating the major shared features of vario ...rom there, gnathostomes divided into bony fish and cartilaginous fish (Fig 2). Through genomic sequencing, it was determined that cartilaginous fish, in

...ydrate carbohydrate] fermentation. Digesting complex polysaccharides frees short peptides to be reabsorbed by the large intestine and to be used for energy [[Image:Journal.pbio.0050156.g003.png|thumb|280px|right|<br><b>Figure 2. </b> Lateral Gene Transfer in Bacteroidetes Promotes Niche Specialization(

...er modes of circulation can become predominant temporarily.[[#References |[2]]] ...distributed with other water body. Mixing events can be divided by long or short time scale. The estuarine circulation movements are the primary mechanism o

...omologist at the University of Nebraska [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/2/112].]] ...red from CRW infestation of corn crops costs the United States a total of $2 billion annually <ref name= S9>[https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay016 Wechsle

...nds of the densovirus genome. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10941568 2],[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00705-013-1914-1 3] Densovir <br>2. [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-1350

[[Image:Mars Methane.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Fig. 2 Concentrations of methane observed on Mars by the Mars Express Orbiter. Cre <br><b>Viking 1 and 2</b> — Reached Martian surface on July 20, 1976 and September 1976, respec

...&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1311 ...urs in pairs or short chains and has group B Lancefield antigen present. [2][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genomeprj&cmd=search&term=txid

[[Image:Hemagglutinin evolution.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Fig. 2. This is a Neighbor-joined dendrogram based on a phylogenetic analysis of a ...ood of genetic distances was then calculated to verify the results (Figure 2).

...istinct patterns and images. People have continued to produce this type of short-lived bacterial art, using easy-to-grow bacteria with genetically or artifi ...tri dish has to be incubated, with pigments typically being produced after 2-3 days at 30 degrees Celsius. S. coelicolor can be used to make red and bl

[[Image:MycoFishFigure2.png|thumb|300px|right| Figure 2. A Ziehl-Neelsen stain of M. Chelonae infection of a <i>Salmo salar</i> (an ...evelop into ulcerations, often leading to granuloma (Compare Figures 1 and 2). In some instances, infection spreading to the lymphatics lead to a sporo

[[Category:Short pages]] ...Rabbits". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. 16 (2): 437–468. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2013.02.002</ref>. The virions produce many

...anotrophs, use the methane as their energy source and oxidize it to CO₂. In general, methanotrophs are obligate aerobes, meaning that in hyd ...b>3</sub>^-) to gaseous nitrogen compounds (N₂, N₂O, NO). This process is used by facultative anaerobic bacteria as a m

...vector of dengue virus, <I>Aedes aegypti</I> or the Asian tiger mosquito.[2]]] ...serotype but only partial (heterologous) immunity to other serotypes for a short period of time post-infection. After a period of initial protective immunit

[[Image:Healthy-liver.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Figure 2. a) healthy liver. [http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.liver-d [[Image:GI-25.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Figure 2. b) cirrhosis of the liver. [http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mmc

...ptoms are not automatic as the virus has an incubation period ranging from 2 to 21 days [3]. The average incubation period is 7-10 days. Through isolat [[Image: Ebola genome.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Figure 2: The negative-strand RNA genome of Ebolavirus.

[[File:20 indicator venn.png|thumb|border|left|top|upright=2.0|alt=Alt|Soil health indicators can be divided into three categories: Phys (2)“the absence of erosion both by water and by wind”

...hains, but mainly these bacteria are found in pairs (diplococci) [2] (Fig. 2). <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> uses fermentation to produce energy via c [[File:MicrobeWikiSciencePhoto.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Figure 2. Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, by sciencephoto B236/183

...919 and antibiotic-resistant strain HL411PA1. <i>Genome announcements</i>, 2(4), 10-1128. From https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/genomea.00740-1 ...919 and antibiotic-resistant strain HL411PA1. <i>Genome announcements</i>, 2(4), 10-1128. From https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/genomea.00740-1

...for biologically combating vector-borne infections.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7804326.stm] These bacteria could be used for population replacem [[Image:cytoplasmic incompatibility.jpg|right|thumb|370 x 190 px| Fig 2. <i>Wolbachia</i> induced Cytopplasmic Incompatibility in arthropod. Popula

[[Category:study pages]] <b>2. In Richard Lenski's evolution experiment, some of the minimal glucose-evol

[[Category:study pages]] <b>2. In Richard Lenski's evolution experiment, some of the minimal glucose-evol

[[Image:Ara et al. 2005.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2: Table showing the acids present in sweat odor. Ara et al. in NCR Research ...only acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid (Fig 2). A study identified what microbes are to blame for the production of these

<br> Methicillin-Resistant <I>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, or MRSA for short, is a Gram-positive cocci-shaped (spherical) bacterium that measures approx [[Image: MRSAabscess.jpg|thumb|300px|left| Figure 2. Photograph shows an abscess caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

...d the PGPR, such as better nutrient uptake and stimulation of root growth [2]. ...ate oxic conditions on the root surface and the adjacent rhizosphere soil [2]. Archaea can thrive in oxidized rhizosphere soils due to containing oxygen

[[Image:Virion_Genome.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2. Virion and genome structure of Canine Distemper Virus<ref name=Pardo> [htt H (hemagglutinin protein), and L (large protein) (See '''Figure 2'''). They also code for V and C, two non-structural proteins <ref name=Pard

...bronchitis. Important areas to note are 1) acute bronchitis infected cell; 2) uninfected cells; 3) chlamydial inclusion bodies; and 4) cell nuclei. This [[File: TaraMcIntyreLifeCycle.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Figure 2. The life cycle of <i>C. pneumoniae</i> showing the infectious, non-replica

...). (2018). Water Bears: The Biology of Tardigrades. Zoological Monographs, 2.]</ref> ...olecular data and the fossil record. Arthropod Structure & Development, 39(2-3), 74-87.]</ref> Within Ecdysozoa, there has been debate whether tardigrad

...metabolisme.html.]</ref><ref>[“Nicotine.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine.]</ref><ref>[“Nicotinic Acetylc ...cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982a;221(2):368–372]</ref>This larger presence of unionized nicotine molecules promo

...asmodium falciparum</i> is the most dangerous and can cause coma or death.[2] Symptoms include high fever, chills, vomiting, and nausea and they don’t ...> genome are introns. Excluding introns, the mean length of the genome is 2.3kb. Many of the large genes present in the genome do not possess recogniz

[[Category:Pages edited by students of Anne Estes at Towson University]] ...st plant, colonization, infection, and the initiation of nodule formation (2). The motile alpha-proteobacterium A. caulinodans can form nodules not only

...able of Microbial Roles for Representative Elements (Taken from Gadd 2010)[2] ...and assimilation; Oxidation of H2S to S(0) and reduction of S(0) to H₂S

...metabolisme.html.]</ref><ref>[“Nicotine.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine.]</ref><ref>[“Nicotinic Acetylc ...cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982a;221(2):368–372]</ref>This larger presence of unionized nicotine molecules promo

...ortance, formation, and recent research of SOM. Topics covered in sections 2 and 3 are integrated into three SOM formation models in section 3.5. There ::More than 2% of soil organic matter is cultivated in the forms, fats and waxes. Unlike

Despite the low incidence of infection, the lethality and potential for short-range aerosol transmission of Ebola virus in patients with advanced illness ...mysterious disease was first described in two separate 1976 outbreaks (Fig 2): first in southern Sudan and subsequently in northern Zaire, now Democrati

...pieces of ice would now be categorized as pancake ice. [[#References |[1.2]]] ...lake at a speed of ~3m per year in an easterly direction.[[#References |[2.2]]]