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...virus_picture.png|thumb|300px|right|Legend. SDMV was discovered inside the cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivrius (APMV).]] The SDMV was discovered inside the cytoplasm of A. polyphaga. The Saudi moumouvirus is the first organism in the Mimivir

...polyadenylated transcripts. mRNAs leave the core and get translated in the cytoplasm. The segmented genome allows for possible reassortment, something that has ...ave been self-asembled and have accumulated in the inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the cell.

...outside of the nucleus. While AID has a half life of around 8 hours in the cytoplasm, nuclear AID has a half life of only about 2.5 hours due to higher levels o

...t|Electron micrographs of ''H. butylicus''. Cells connected by a string of cytoplasm. From [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/172/7/3959 Zillig, W. et al. "''Hypert ...e ones that grow in higher temperature often contain vacuoles within their cytoplasm, sometimes immediately below the S layer.

...the cytoplasm outside the nuclear body (C) is a different texture than the cytoplasm located inside the nuclear body (G). Bar = 0.5 micrometers. From[http://www ...ucleoid that is surrounded by electron-dense granules (the contents of the cytoplasm outside of the nuclear body is different and less-electron dense). Both the

...io-luminescence when agitated through a luciferin-luciferase system in its cytoplasm. These planktonic dinoflagellates can bloom into "red tides" as a result of ...curs in thousands of "microsources", small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm that contains the molecule luciferin and the enzyme luciferase that catalyz

...rypsin in the intestine. Intermediate subviral particles may pass into the cytoplasm by the endosmal pathway or directly. (Also see [[Reoviridae]])

...f the Picornavirus replication process. Replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and can even occur in enucleated cells and is not inhibited by actinomycin ...o the cell via a membrane receptor. There is an assembly of virions in the cytoplasm followed by the aggregation of the new virus. Cell lysis takes place, after

The rotavirus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Virions enter the host cell by endocytosis and viral mRNA ...rus replication. This occurs when the virion makes direct contact with the cytoplasm. The rough endoplasmic reticulum retains the outer capsid lycoprotein VP7.

The replication of the poxvirus occurs in the cytoplasm. The virus is suficiently complex and has acquired all the functions necess ...e cytoplasm, the particle is further uncoated and the core passes into the cytoplasm. Gene expression is carried out by viral enzymes associated with the core a

...mibiensis''. The inset demonstrates the outer cell wall, the thin layer of cytoplasm lining it, and the large liquid vacuole within the cell. Image from [http:/

...cell through a membrane channel. Virus replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm. The host cell's transcription processes are shut off to a degree that vari

...es [[#References | [2]]]. Transcription and replication takes place in the cytoplasm of host cell [[#References | [5]]]. During replication cycle, each segment ...(RNP) made of viral genomic RNA segment and N protein is released into the cytoplasm. The viral polymerase attached to RNP causes transcription resulting into s

...otect it from degredation. It is crucial for the virus to replicate in the cytoplasm so that it can use the ribosome of the host cell to translate it's viral RN

...locked when the late genes are expressed. Viral mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated instead. Virus assembly occurs. Finally, the host cell dies

...dn't have the vacuolar membrane and directly interacted with the host cell cytoplasm. Most bacterium presented a pili-like structure expanding around the bacter

...structure of a prokaryote. The cells replicate within pig epithelial cell cytoplasm and are not enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles(1). ...stinal proliferating crypt epithelial cells and multiply within the apical cytoplasm" (2).

...to the prey which allows the Vampirococcus bacterium to degrade the preys cytoplasm [4]. ...mpirococcus cell releases enzymes to break down the prey Chromatium cell's cytoplasm, allowing it to "suck out" its cellular components [2]. The freshwater sulf

...icle, which is then inserted in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Within the cytoplasm, new virions are self-assembled. These virus particles are released from th

...transcription-- neither can function alone-- and replication occurs in the cytoplasm. Five monocistronic mRNAs are produced, capped at the 5' end and polyadenyl ...cell factors are not yet known. These events all occur in a portion of the cytoplasm which acts as a virus 'factory' and appears as a charecteristic cytoplasmic

...uoles reduce the size of effective cytoplasm (Kalanetra et al. 2005). The cytoplasm of T. namibiensis is a thin layer of approximately 1-2 micrometres surround ...due to the large central vacuoles which limit the volume of the effective cytoplasm.

...ion with various proteins restricted to certain areas. In addition to the cytoplasm, Gram-negative bacteria must selectively localize proteins to the inner mem =Cytoplasm=

...aminic acid receptor. Virus then invades cell by endocytosis into the cell cytoplasm, where new virions are replicated and released back into the respiratory tr

...es which house the chlorophyll within the cells) located in the peripheral cytoplasm of the bacteria's cells. This feature is one of the bases for the hypothesi

...ratio many bacteria have developed morphologies in order to maintain their cytoplasm no less than a micron away from its outside environment. There are two type ...r vacuoles for later consumption. The Thiomargarita namibiensis also has a cytoplasm that runs along the perimeter of the cell so as to amplify the extra space

...cidic environments by repelling protons and keeping pH near neutral in the cytoplasm.[[#References|[4]]] ...main product of photosynthesis, it can occupy more than 50% of the cell's cytoplasm. [[#References|[2]]]

[[Image:Untitled-2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cell surface and cytoplasm of a ''Thermosphaera'' cell. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstra

...about eight days. Replication of the O’nyong’nyong virus occurs within the cytoplasm, where virions mature by budding through the plasma membrane and virus-enco

...a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that can be found in vacuoles in the cytoplasm and is predominantly pleomorphic, meaning it can be found in a variety of s ...a, 1991). The organism was coated with multiple fimbriae and blebs and the cytoplasm was found to inherit electron-dense polar bodies (Chandra, 1991). ''K. gran

[[Image:Untitled-2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cell surface and cytoplasm of a ''Thermosphaera'' cell. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstra

...ize, length, volume, daily cycle, method of reproduction, and nucleoid and cytoplasm structure. However, the isolation and sequencing of the gene encoding the 1 ...is condensed in a chromosome-like fashion and is separated from the outer cytoplasm. From [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/21/5601?view=full&pmid=979110

The replication of birnaviruses takes place in the cytoplasm. The dsRNA serves as a template for the production of mRNA (+) and progeny

...oront stage the microbe becomes elongated and oval and consists of a dense cytoplasm, yet there is no distinct internal structures. The third stage is the Sporo

...outside of the nucleus. While AID has a half life of around 8 hours in the cytoplasm, nuclear AID has a half life of only about 2.5 hours due to higher levels o

...> can react with phosphate, the energy source of life, its presence in the cytoplasm will prevent energy metabolism and other cellular activities from taking pl ...ps located on the nucleus membrane, and the influx of Ca²⁺ into cytoplasm is likely caused by the interaction of ROS with channel proteins.<ref name=

...f the Picornavirus replication process. Replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and can even occur in enucleated cells and is not inhibited by actinomycin ...f the Picornavirus replication process. Replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm and can even occur in enucleated cells and is not inhibited by actinomycin

...lar organisms consisting mainly of cytoplasm and a flexible cell wall. The cytoplasm is capable of changing states. The amoeboid body form is not unique to amoe

...he γ-proteobacteria, called ''Moranella endobia'', which reside within the cytoplasm of the β-proteobacteria, identified as ''Tremblaya princeps'' [5][1].

...le-strand structure. This is done by the virally-encoded polymerase in the cytoplasm that is one of the core proteins whereas the cell's DNA polymerase is in th ...positive strand c-RNA, 3500 bases, is encapsidatd by core proteins in the cytoplasm. Inside the core, the RNA is transcribed to minus strand DNA by the same DN

...ar-shaped. Its appears circular and dark brown under a microscope. In it's cytoplasm in contains digestive vaculoes and starch granules.

...the contents of the fungal peg, but the contents never directly enter the cytoplasm of the cell. It is thought that the bursting of the fungal peg provides a s

...oscopy indicated a fusion between the mycoplasma cells and the host cells' cytoplasm. The replication-associated recombination protein A (rarA) gene and the F0F ...ly restricted to the cytosolic fraction. The ability of ''M. salivarium''s cytoplasm to scavenge oxidants was heat stable and unaffected by sodium azide or exte

...to survive in its high-saline habitat by preventing the dehydration of its cytoplasm. To do this they use a solute which is either found in their cell structure

...rosthecae. Prosthecae are narrow extensions of the cell wall. They contain cytoplasm. ''Prosthecobacter'' have a single polar prosthecae. ''Prosthecobacter'' ha

...rom the roots. It infects cells through penetration by effraction into the cytoplasm, performs transcription and replication, then when enough capped m-RNA's ar

...me length DNA is used as a template. The progeny DNA is transported to the cytoplasm where large concatamers are formed. The concatemers are then packaged into

...r nuclei that arrange themselves on the edges of the microgametocyte where cytoplasm develops into thin projections where nuclei enter then break off into male ...inues to divide and create daughter nuclei, developing vacuoles within the cytoplasm within along with cytoplasmic masses. These masses elongate and house the d

2. Uncoating, and release of the viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm. The precise process of uncoating the CYSDV genome remains unclear. 3. The viral RNA is translated in the cytoplasm by host ribosomes to make RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

...pherical, oval-shaped or slightly elongated. The hydrogenosomes located in cytoplasm with the smooth membrane and homogeneously granular matrix. They were obser Digestive vacuole (DV)/food vacuole: DV was normally found in cytoplasm, and it might contain bacteria, rice starch and myelin configurations. The

...limicola has cell walls characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria, a dense cytoplasm, and an outer membrane with a waved structure. Electron donors and carbon

...uses with the cell membrane, allowing the capsid and tegument to enter the cytoplasm [9]. ...ransported, the tegument proteins surrounding the capsid are shed into the cytoplasm. Although many of these tegument proteins are poorly understood, some are k

...DAP) and glysine . Arabinose, glucose, ribose, and xylose was found in the cytoplasm, but there were no mycolic acids found. The polar lipids that were found i

...l change that results from it, and the nucleocapsids are released into the cytoplasm. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase known as the nucleocapsid-associated L p

...//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic antiseptic] compound once it enters the cytoplasm (Fig 3). The goal is for this compound to bind covalently to many bacterial ...erting to antiseptic-type molecules covalently binding to cells inside the cytoplasm. ¹¹

...sulfide into sulfur which is deposited in intracellular granules in their cytoplasm.[3]

...influenza, all action in the replication of paramyxoviruses occurs in the cytoplasm.

...d into the cytoplasm. The exact mechanism of nucleocapsid uncoating in the cytoplasm is not known but may be related to some sort of destabilization by the init ...id subunit CP autoproteolyses and self assembles into nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm and genomic RNA is encapsidated by an unknown mechanism [2].

...s necessary for the delivery of carbon dioxide to Rubisco are found in the cytoplasm [3].

...e, however it begins its second function where it becomes truncated in the cytoplasm and becomes a regulator of virulence genes by decreasing their expression a ...e it binds FatB, which transports anguibactin to FatDE to pass through the cytoplasm.

...Viral replication of the coronavirus genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm. Infection by the coronavirus can alter cell cycle, transcription, and tra ...ers the host cell, it directly produce its proteins and new genomes in the cytoplasm.^(2,9) The CoV then synthesizes its RNA polymerase that recogniz

...re1]</sup> Viral replication of the coronavirus genome takes place in the cytoplasm. Infection by the coronavirus can alter cell cycle, transcription, transla ...rs the host cell, it directly produces its proteins and new genomes in the cytoplasm.^[2][9] The CoV then synthesizes its RNA polymerase that recogni

...ia rettgeri'' is a typical bacterial cell with a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleoid. ''P. rettgeri'' also has a flagella for mobility. ''P. rettg

...cell. This means that ''Chlamydia'' can inject proteins dircetly into the cytoplasm of the cell and avoid lysosomes. Scientists have also seen the chlamydia-in

...id allow the pathogen to invade host cells and move through the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Many of these same proteins help the pathogen adhere to the host cell wall ...tilizes a Type III Secretion System to deliver its effector protein to the cytoplasm of host cells. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the ATPase- depende

...s with plant proteins[6]. Much evidence points to replication sites in the cytoplasm, in particular coat protein accumulation[6]. The coat proteins sequences sh ...is and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein ophiovirus coat proteins localize to the cytoplasm and self interact in vivo. Elsevier B.V.

..., large, multinucleate cell. It is hypothesized that the nuclei within the cytoplasm of the plasmodium communicate through signal cascades which are comparable ...transport networks by covering the entire surface area in a thin layer of cytoplasm, evolved the network by the contraction of its microtubules in order to dec

...is similar to Marseilleviridae Marseilleviridae. These steps occur in the cytoplasm and in viral factories, areas near the amoeba nucleus. The replication cycl

...e pairs. Many base pairs are uncharacterized orthologs. The orthologs have cytoplasm and nucleus localization. Orthologs also contain cytoskeleton, protein bind

...to the cytoplasm. The gene segments are then transcribed and capped in the cytoplasm. When enough nucleoprotein is present to encapsidate the newly formed antig

...ate, resulting in the production of elemental sulfur that is stored in the cytoplasm in the form of the sulfur globules. This reaction is thought to be: 2NO3-

...early escape from the phagocytic vacuole, multiplication in the host cell cytoplasm, directional intracytosolic motility by induction of actin polymerization a

...is distinguished by accumulation of A-type intracellular particles in the cytoplasm and budding release to acquire viral protease activity. MPMV is pathogenic ...ring about 70 mµ in diameter. These immature particles pre-assemble in the cytoplasm and may occur singly or in cluster (Mason, 1970). Fully formed immature par

...for binding of hepatitis A virus. The virus spends its entire life in the cytoplasm where it replicates using a virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

...called contractile tubules structure that was shown to cause the axopodial cytoplasm to create beads along the length of the pseudopod. They are then able to ho

...through the absorption of silicon compounds. This skeleton is covered with cytoplasm, which is withdrawn if the organism is disturbed. These skeletons do not me

...''Shewanella oneidensis MR-1'' also has a circular plasmid present in its cytoplasm known as pMR-1. This plasmid has 184 genes of which 149 are protein encodin

...allows the iron-siderophore complex into the periplasm, and then into the cytoplasm via [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter ATP-bind .... Therefore, once a certain concentration of iron has been achieved in the cytoplasm of the bacterium, iron uptake genes will be downregulated, ensuring that an

...s the virus replicates by binding to a cell, injecting its genome into the cytoplasm, at which point a negative copy of its genome is synthesized by the cell an

...d mature in the Golgi complex, while alphavirus virions are present in the cytoplasm before budding and mature almost simultaneously with budding. The virions

...re deposited in invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane, external to the cytoplasm. Each cell has a tuft of fimbriae which anchors it to the cell beside it, a

...n, the core of the virus gets released into the cytoplasm. Once inside the cytoplasm, reverse transcriptase synthesizes double stranded DNA from the RNA genome ...yme cannot carry out its functions in the high dilution environment of the cytoplasm [12]. <br>

...ructure called the plasmodium. Thist stage is unicellular; it is a mass of cytoplasm. To enter this stage, cells aggregate and fuse completely to form a single

...s needs to be transported into the ''B. bacteriovorus'' from the prey cell cytoplasm. Therefore, the genome of ''B. bacteriovorus'' also includes a large amoun ...ct on the inner membrane of the prey cell allowing it to access the prey's cytoplasm. The degradation of the inner membrane causes the prey cell to become a bd

...ame to this conclusion via the structure of it. Xenophyophores are made up cytoplasm containing multiple nuclei that is surrounded by branches of tubes called g

...r, and later on can infect other tissues in the body, residing within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Necrotic foci can develop in infected tissue.[1] Immunos

...ingle-celled, and lack a nucleus or other internal membrane systems; their cytoplasm is composed 70%-85% of water. The cells do not possess flagella, but are mo

...sporophytes have singluar lenticular nuclei, which are embedded in a thick cytoplasm. Chlorophyta usually have biflagellated gametes. Like other green plants, C

...nters a cell through it's membrane. Later they escape and replicate in the cytoplasm of other cells.

...evels of intracellular free calcium as well as a rearrangement of the cell cytoplasm. ''Salmonella'' also ruffles the membrane, which appears to be an important

...ia'' forms symbiotic relationships with green algae. The algae live in its cytoplasm. Algal photosynthesis provides a food source for ''Paramecium''. Some speci

...ach to cells, and the glycoproteins allow the capsid and tegument into the cytoplasm of the attacked cell. After reaching the nuclear pore, the viral DNA is re

...ression and replication occurs in the cytoplasm. Once the virus is in the cytoplasm the nucleocapsid and the genome is released. The M2-2 gene governs the tra

...1 &mu;m wide. These cells contain around 20 spherical granules within the cytoplasm, each measuring about 270 nm in diameter; these granules comprise roughly 6

..., and a contracting area in the rear. This contracting area compresses the cytoplasm allowing locomotion. Naegleria divide by fission. ..., prominent nucleolus, many contractile vacuoles (Chandler & Allan, 1971), cytoplasm, pleomorphic mitochondria and some rough reticulum endoplasmatic.(Patterson

...point to the tip of the infection thread and the nucleus with a column of cytoplasm between them; in B the terminated infection thread as well as the tip of th ...threads make their way into the nodule cells and release rhizobia into the cytoplasm of infected cells. The rhizobia, which act as symbiosomes, enlarge and diff

...crophage. There is a prominent nucleus and kinetoplast, and the vacuolated cytoplasm contains lysosomes. The outer membrane has a polysaccharide component but t

...using sodium ion channels that take in Na+. When there is a buildup in the cytoplasm of Na+, the sodium ions are exported from the cell in exchange for hydrogen

...locomotion: they swim with cilia. Cilia are short, hairlike projections of cytoplasm composed of pairs of microtubules surrounded by cell membrane. They line th

...ar iron levels become low. The major function of the toxin is to enter the cytoplasm and inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible host cells [[#References|[4]]] ...s the host cell membrane allowing fragment A to pass through and reach the cytoplasm [[#References|[9]]]. Fragment A then acts as a catalyst to inactivate elong

...rganism has a single circular chromosome within the nucleoid region of its cytoplasm. ''B. subtilis'' has a helical cytoskeleton composed of a single protein. ( ...glycan and spore coat form around a copy of the cell’s DNA and part of the cytoplasm. This allows the bacteria to survive under harsh conditions such as high te

...er cell membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm is tri-laminar. Inside, the cytoplasm matrix is rich in ribosomes. [9] The nuclear zone of ''Bordetella bronchise

...p>. At this point, the viral genomic RNA permeates through the host cell’s cytoplasm ^[8]. The protein VPg, is then taken out of the viral RNA and tra

...ssociates with TssL, a hook-shaped protein that is localized mainly to the cytoplasm and has only one inner membrane-spanning sequence [[#References|[8]]]. ...ces|[10]]][[#References|[19]]]. One section of TssM that is exposed to the cytoplasm contains a Walker motif (a sequence that is traditionally associated with A

...ell contains magnetosomes, typically arranged in a linear chain inside the cytoplasm<ref name="baz" />

...ane fuses with the vesicle membrane, the nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm. Viral RNA is then translated by employing the hosts mechanisms. Translatio

<i>R. rickettsii</i> is a small rod shaped bacterium that lives within the cytoplasm of a host cell. It requires an arthropod for transmission to a human host t

...urein sacculus] could not be identified within the periplasmic layer. The cytoplasm within the cell contains electron-translucent inclusions located close to t

...motility within the host cell. The bacteria propel themselves through the cytoplasm of an infected cell by forming a "jet tail" of host actin behind them.

...e environment. Other microorganisms prevent salts from accumulating in the cytoplasm of the cell by actively pumping out ions and storing organic solutes to cou

...way, it does not seem able to use these as energy sources. Even though the cytoplasm retains an osmotic equilibrium with the hypersaline environment, the cell m

...tosine content. It has a single and supercoiled circular chromosome in the cytoplasm and variable number of plasmids.

...nvelope fuses with the plasma membrane and the capsid is released into the cytoplasm, where it is dismantled. The viral DNA is then free to move into the host c

...n stabilizer and acts as an export for viral mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. When these genes are damaged or fail to do their job these two genes are m

...thlike structure (Swan, 1985). Cylindrical flagellar bases extend into the cytoplasm below the plasma membrane, and in some areas extend into the peptidoglycan ...rly rigid helical shape, but straighten out during rapid movement, and the cytoplasm separates into three or more pieces. This flexibility may be due in part to

...xist in <i>F. acidarmanus</i>, though it is thought to be likely (1). The cytoplasm of the cell is well buffered allowing for pH regulation in slight changes i

...way, which in turn creates pores that allow for an influx of ions into the cytoplasm[[#References |[12]]]. Low concentrations of either toxin (PMKT/PMKT2) resul

...sis. Once inside the cell, virions uncoat and release genomic RNA into the cytoplasm. Consistent with replication mechanisms of picornaviridae, the SINV-1 repli SINV-1 (+) RNA may be translated upon entry into the cytoplasm by host translational machinery (ribosomes) as a single polypeptide which i

...wing the virus to establish virion assembly machinery within the host cell cytoplasm. The machinery establishes a "virion factory" that can be initially observe

...ion system is stimulated to produce viral proteins, which aggregate in the cytoplasm. At some point, the process is not fully understood; the RDRP molecule tran

...the organism to form Pseudopodia. These are “temporary projections” of the cytoplasm which allow the organism to be mobile and are utilized in the acquisition a

...ace binds to a receptor on the cell then the RNA is spreads throughout the cytoplasm and proteins are then made. After all the proteins are made, the cell relea

...st cell actin at one end of the bacterium, which helps them propel through cytoplasm. Flagellar motility is used more for spread of the bacteria outside the hos ...ce is thus associated with the ability of the bacterium to move within the cytoplasm of the host cells by polymerization of host cell actin (9). Secreting the e

...endosymbiotic bacteria. The intracellular bacteria live freely in the cell cytoplasm and are not surrounded by host membranes. Some ''Wigglesworthia glossinidia

...tions that ''N. thermohiilus'' lives in require that it has mechanisms for cytoplasm acidification. To achieve this, its chromosome "contains genes for 11 mono

...y attached sugar chains to the G protein. The virus enters the hosts cells cytoplasm through the endocytic pathway. When the virus becomes engulfed, the pH will ...eins then associate with 'M' proteins. A new nucleocapsid forms inside the cytoplasm from the synthesized proteins 'N','L', and 'P'. Formation of the nucleocaps

...entry of the virus and the release of the virus from the vacuole into the cytoplasm of the host (Figure. 3). The HOPS complex was found to be an important com ...with endosomes and lysosomes and still allows the virus to escape into the cytoplasm. Without the NPC1 cholesterol transporter, Ebolavirus cannot leave the ves

<br>In Fig 4D, viral escape into the cytoplasm was measured. The presence of red surrounding the blue of the viral particl ...all, TOP1 was only found in the cytoplasm when EBOL was present. Since the cytoplasm is where the genomic EBOV RNA is located, there is a stronger correlation t

...irus replication and degrades the host chromosome by assembling within the cytoplasm.

vacuoles are cavities within the cytoplasm, which contain a gas similar to that

...ly non-motile. These individual cells eventually aggregate by sliding. The cytoplasm projects to form a pseudopod, allowing the organism to travel. The work of

...to the cell when it is released from the erythrocyte cell membrane to the cytoplasm during hemolysis^{[[#References|[7]]]}.

...ng the conjunctival epithelium of the eye. The organisms replicate in the cytoplasm of these epithelial cells and eventually cause the cells to rupture, which

...small region called the nucleoid and transcription takes place between the cytoplasm and nucleoid. In addition to the circular chromosome, ''C. thermocellum'' ...cleoid region for packaging and transcription of the DNA into RNA. In the cytoplasm, a chain or cluster of ribosomes form polyribosomes which function as a con

...4). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-3-43</ref> Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, it hijacks the transcription and translation process to replicate the geno

...assemble onto the membranes in the endoplasmic reticulum and bud into the cytoplasm by the Golgi network. The virus exits the cell in a lipid envelope through

...osed into vesicles in the host cell. The nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm when the virus membrane fuses with the vesicle membrane. Using the host cel

...endosomal membrane and the ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the cytoplasm of the host cell. It is then translated into a polyprotein that is subseque ...loodstream and lymphatic system. Viral replication typically occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but there is a study that shows ZIKV antigens can also b

...p, methylate, and polyadenlylate early mRNAs [2]. Cowpox replicates in the cytoplasm. It is aided by DNA and RNA polymerase the virus codes. It replicates in fe

...itive-strand RNA viruses. The virus enters the cell and is uncoated in the cytoplasm. The viral genome is transcribed to form a complementary negative-sense RNA

...n peptide degradation, over half are expected to be located outside of the cytoplasm. This considerable amount of coding for extracellular enzymes is among the ...uding five cold-shock proteins. Four of these were identified to be in the cytoplasm, and the fifth has a unique protein structure of three transmembrane region

...n a host cell. As a meront forms, connection with the organismal and host cytoplasm continues and a diplokarytic two nuclei is introduced into the host. Meront ...the host cell through a polar tube, implanting virulent machinery into the cytoplasm of the host. The proliferation and sporogonic phase follows suit, using the

...of the bacterial cells. Finally, the ''S.'' ''meliloti'' cells enter the cytoplasm of the root cells through endocytosis (1). ''S.'' ''meliloti'' transform a

...se gap junctions to permit passage of ions and small molecules between the cytoplasm of one cell to another. Many quorum sensing eukaryotes and prokaryotes use ...These nanotubes contained F-actin and connected T-cells from cytoplasm to cytoplasm, so they shared the same cytoskeletal and functional properties as other ch

...ck phase of the enzootic cycle. PLoS Pathogens, 7(7):e1002102.]</ref>. The cytoplasm of <i>B. burgdorferi</i> contains several proteins involved in metabolism a ...ors of host cells. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8(5), 328–339.]</ref>. The cytoplasm of <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> contains several proteins involved in metaboli

...ck phase of the enzootic cycle. PLoS Pathogens, 7(7):e1002102.]</ref>. The cytoplasm of <i>B. burgdorferi</i> contains several proteins involved in metabolism a ...ors of host cells. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8(5), 328–339.]</ref>. The cytoplasm of <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> contains several proteins involved in metaboli

...f the spore, contains one or two closely aligned nuclei, ribosome-enriched cytoplasm, and organelles used for infection. The most prominent among these organell

...e immature oocysts capsule (found in the mosquito host), but rarely in its cytoplasm. (Coppi and Natarajan) ...es symmetrically arrange themselves in the cell wall, with the nucleus and cytoplasm separating.

...is pushed into the host cell cytoplasm. The nucelocapsid moves through the cytoplasm and binds to the nuclear membrane. It injects its genomic contents into the ...o maintain latency, and these latency gene products exist in the host cell cytoplasm. The series of four vtRNAs at the 5’ end of the viral DNA are transcribed

...caffolding protein that encapsulates the highly accumulated virions in the cytoplasm.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083134/pdf/1743-422X-11-1 ...nded DNA and similar replicative cycles that create viral factories in the cytoplasm.

...studied to some extent. In cell culture, viral protein is localized to the cytoplasm, as visualized by immunogold labeling. This study also observed clusters of

...R. “Pyrodictium cannulae enter the periplasmic space but do not enter the cytoplasm, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography.” Journal of Structural Biology.

After the viral RNA is in the cytoplasm of the cell, ribosomes are recruited to make negative-strand RNA to serve a

...larly, experiments done on a Escherichia coli mutant expressing higher ATP cytoplasm concentrations showed improved cold-tolerance at 0°C than a wild type (As

...the α carboxyl group on each amino acid is displaced by a proton from the cytoplasm. This uptake of protons increases internal pH of the cell allowing <i>E.col ...mulates within the cell underneath the bacteria causing a lesion among the cytoplasm. LEE mediated adherence to intestinal epithelia is essential in <i>E.coli</

...perform endocytosis where the cell uptakes fully folded proteins into the cytoplasm. This process has always thought to have been restricted to eukaryotes. Ba

...uses host enzymes to code for its “early genes.” The mRNA migrates to the cytoplasm and codes for proteins that then must return to the nucleus in order to hel ...ses the viral capsid, sans primary envelope and primary tegument, into the cytoplasm [6].

...bolic molecules needed by the bacteria which it then uptakes from the host cytoplasm into its inclusion and convert it into energy. (5)

...pathogens that are dependent on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic host cell. The host cell then lysis and releases the ricket

...on of an actin tail on the pathogen. Actin monomers are collected from the cytoplasm of the cell and combined to form a flagella like tail. Gelsolin is an actin ...acidic conditions, which occurs inside the vacuole. When LLO is inside the cytoplasm (at neutral pH), activity decreases which lessens host cell damage. Enzyme

...ell structures share many common characterisics with other eukaryotes. The cytoplasm is enclosed in a plasma membrane, and cell walls are typically compose of c

...s that are capable of removing many different types of substrates from the cytoplasm; followed by a tripartite efflux pump that spans the cell envelope, and fin

...synthase enzymes embedded in the cellular membrane drives protons into the cytoplasm, where they are used for regeneration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ...n dioxide, so this must be absorbed through the cellular membrane into the cytoplasm, where it is eventually used in the central metabolism. The other main diff

. This leads to the release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm of the now-infected cell where transcription and replication of the viral g

...ectants; the extracellular degradative enzymes are located external to the cytoplasm, and can dissolve organic carbon in the cold environments to meet threshold Cold-shock domain proteins in the cytoplasm in ''C. psychrerythraea'' enhance cold adaptation. Such proteins are active

The bacterial cell contains a cytoplasm membrane , a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer layer composed of lip

...ed solute level, and to increase the solubility of the proteins within the cytoplasm, many proteins have evolved to become more acidic.<sup>[http://onlinelibrar

...st cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis, the virus moves through the cytoplasm to the host cell's rough endoplasmic reticulum and uncoats its genetic mate

...ists as symbionts, either attached to the cell surfaces or live within the cytoplasm or nucleus of the protists. For instance, Treponema spirochete bacteria are ...gy- generating organelle, hydrogenosome, where transferred malate from the cytoplasm is further fermented to produce CO₂, H₂, and acetate with the help of h

...hopanoid lipids, obtain heat protections and keep the homeostasis of their cytoplasm. As the environmental temperature increases, the hopanoid lipids tend to mo ...rial resistance and helps bacteria to maintain the homeostasis between the cytoplasm and extracellular environment. Additionally, bacterial membranes, one of th

...with Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. This image shows the morulae within the cytoplasm of a monocyte. These morulae are made up of a cluster of E. chaffeensis wit ...contain regularly dispersed nuceloid DNA fibrils and ribosomes within the cytoplasm, Dense-cord cells are reported to have an electron dense, centrally located

...ted in thylakoids, as a photosynthetic pathway. The only organelles in the cytoplasm of these bacteria are ribosomes. As a cyanobacteria, <i>Gloeocapsa magma</i

...tural tendencies of viruses to infect a host by inserting its DNA into the cytoplasm. Viruses are the perfect carrier to deliver DNA to a target because that is ...of the host. The contents of the viral particle are then unloaded into the cytoplasm, followed by dissolution of the capsid core. Once the RNA is revealed, reve

...membrane. A sodium/hydrogen antiport is used to maintain a pH of 7 in the cytoplasm and to generate a proton motive force. ''P. abyssi'' also encodes for a sys

...otected within a parasitophorous (parasite-containing) vacuole (PV) in the cytoplasm (2). Some species have a mesh of microfibrils that projects from the outer ...work (arrowheads). The phagocyte has an eccentric nucleus (N), a vesicular cytoplasm, and is surrounded by the “phagocyte” wall (double arrows) (2). Copyrig

...wo phases that the viral genome can undergo once it enters the host cell’s cytoplasm: Lytic or latent life cycles. In the lytic cycle, the phage plasmid replica ...ily proteins are also involved in the expression of the Ah receptor in the cytoplasm of the cell. The Ah receptor is a receptor present in most, if not all, ver

...e host cell fuse, and viral RNA and reverse transcriptase enter the host's cytoplasm. 2) Reverse transcriptase allows viral RNA to be copied to DNA. 3) Viral DN

...eased during apoptosis.<ref name=Ishida/> The translocation of VLPs to the cytoplasm did show a large increase when cells went through mitosis.<ref name=Ishida/ ...s. In the nucleus, DNA is replicated, mRNA is transcribed and moved to the cytoplasm, and then proteins are made. These proteins are then packaged into capsids

...colonies have been found primarily in membrane-bound inclusions within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. ^{[[#References|[4]]]} As cells haven’t bee

...equent lysis of the vacuolar membrane that releases the bacterium into the cytoplasm, where the bacterium proliferates (Clark and Maurelli).

. This leads to the release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm of the now-infected cell where transcription and replication of the viral g

...other yeast cells, the ''Pichia kudriavzevii'' cell is constructed with a cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria and vacuole (9). It can us

...mping them in through transport systems or by synthesizing them within the cytoplasm (16). ...tible solutes as well (2). In order to accumulate these molecules into the cytoplasm, ''Kushneria konosiri'' encodes genes for the biosynthesis pathways of ecto

...ine that can act on the cell directly by breaking down proteins within the cytoplasm of a cell. Dendritic cells are retracted from patients, then a plasmid wit

...der is the cell body of the organism. It is coiled and is composed of the cytoplasm, the nuclear region and the peptidoglycan-cytoplasmic membrane complex. Th

...ostasis demonstrated during the growth of ''D. hydrogenovorans'', as their cytoplasm was more acidic than their environment [[#References|[4]]]. Although the st

...recognize their cellular targets or have means of transportation into the cytoplasm of the host from the extracellular space[10]. ...n the cell since the two factors do not have any way to gain access to the cytoplasm of the cell from the extracellular location without the assistance of the P

...along with bacteriochlorophyll and CO2 to carry out photosynthesis in the cytoplasm of its cells. Photosynthetic electron transport in Anabaena proceeds from o

...ae</i> cell wall, viral single-stranded DNA is then injected into the cell cytoplasm and a complementary strand of DNA is synthesized in order to form a circula

...nez (1). The organisms are obligately intracellular and reside free in the cytoplasm of the eucaryotic host cell, where they divide by binary fission (1). Organ

...en cleaved into glucose and oligocellodextrins which are imported into the cytoplasm (3). Although there are other pathways that ''S. degradans'' uses to break

...nd it associates with the viral RNA to form nucleocapsid structures in the cytoplasm of the infected cell[2]. The lipid membrane of the virus has its origin in ...ral membrane fuses with the vesicle membrane, releasing the virions in the cytoplasm. This process of fusion is dependent on acidic conditions in the endosome[9

...f NAD+ is chiefly mediated by lactate dehydrogenase, which is found in the cytoplasm. Lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate (Marino 2001). ...tum stays open in this mutation. When the sporulation septum is open, the cytoplasm is permitted to be exchanged between the daughter cells. This implies that

...ed haustoria to penetrate the cell wall of host cells and proceed into the cytoplasm without lysing the cell [[#References |[6]]]. Once inside a cell, the surfa

...ch is where the genome is packaged. Transcription takes place between the cytoplasm and nucleoid. Because ''Marinobacter aquaeolei'' is known as an oxidator o

...ed up inside the hyphae act independently though they are contained in one cytoplasm. As the nuclei flow through the hyphae, they undergo mitosis at sites of b

...ive individually and remain functioning without the algal cell nucleus and cytoplasm. By isolating <i>E. chlorotica</i> DNA free from interfering mucus<ref>Rump

...he host cell's cytoplasm to cause infection (Figure 3). Once EF enters the cytoplasm, it raises [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate cyc

...host’s endoplasmic reticulum so that it can begin viral replication in the cytoplasm [[#References|[6]]].

...A. acetabulum is a great model organism used in the research of nucleus to cytoplasm relationships, the cytoskeletal organization, and in the study of circadian

...smitted transovarially [5]. When ''Wolbachia'' are transmitted through the cytoplasm of the egg, they reproductively alter their hosts [11]. ''Wolbachia'' also

...ny features with leukocytes of the innate immune system, such as: granular cytoplasm, spontaneous activity, and susceptibility to positive regulation by immune ...ally-described morphological characteristics was the granules inside their cytoplasm, similar to what seen in macrophages.<ref name = Herberman1/><ref name = He

throughout the cytoplasm along with cell membrane- of the cytoplasm is the plasma membrane which

...ith bile salts. This resistance is the efflux of bile salts from bacterial cytoplasm directly out of the cell wall, and is a characteristic property of probioti

...mic space. The volume of this space can actually exceed the volume of the cytoplasm.⁷ The toga can be seen in the figure provided above.<sup>1</sup

...rticles are released into the nucleoplasm, mature, and are exported to the cytoplasm. However, Woolford Laboratory researchers have discovered that there are st

...a thick capsule, have white sperical polyhydroxyalkanoate granules in the cytoplasm, and exhibit long-term resistance to desiccation. Rod-like cells are nanome

...tly inject or translocate specific bacterial proteins (effectors) into the cytoplasm of host cells. These bacterial proteins target signaling pathways, which ul

...Ag⁺, get across the hydrophobic cellular membrane to access the cytoplasm? From the perspective of a transmembrane protein, the silver ion simply ap ...membrane damage. Damage to the cell membrane could lead to the leaking of cytoplasm from the cell, which would result in dehydrated and shrunken cells as shown

...n the body in multiple ways that will bring potential harm to the neurons, cytoplasm of the cells and enteric epithelial cells (2). ...gella bacteria lyse the phagocytic vacuole and enter the epithelial cell’s cytoplasm where they multiply and move to invade other cells (13). Shigella is know

...e cell the viral capsid falls apart and viral genes are transcribed in the cytoplasm starting the lytic cycle. Poxviruses were the first class of viruses scient ...of transcription and translation. Because Poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm there is no risk of genetic integration thereby avoiding a constant low le

...that [[bacteria]]l DNA lacks organization, basically distributed in the [[cytoplasm]]. In fact, however, bacterial DNA is tightly organized in looped domains

...ff of host protein synthesis, degradation of host mRNA. VHS remains in the cytoplasm to carry out these functions, while the viral capsid travels directly to th ...yer. The movement of the capsid across the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm is achieved by fusion of the primary capsid envelope with the outer nuclear

...s resulting in membrane fusion (2). This dumps the RNA polymerase into the cytoplasm of the host. Transcription and translation produce viral proteins and the R

.... The myxoma virus has a brick shaped viron and replicates only within the cytoplasm of the host cell (1).This enveloped virus is a member of the ''Poxvirus'' f

...smal cytoplasmic content, including hydrolytic enzymes, into the host cell cytoplasm. Thus, the potent nuclease of mycoplasmas combined with superoxide radical

...-B gene codes for the 306 amino acid protein Orf B, which localizes in the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane in tumor cells.[7,11,12] Orf B has been shown to i

...t across the endosomal transmembrane channel, and then refolding it in the cytoplasm of the neuron (Binz 2009). Once in the cytoplasm, the LC, which is the active component of the tetanus toxin, begins interru

...2] [8]. Unique from other DNA viruses, the variola virus replicates in the cytoplasm of parasitized host cells [2]. Smallpox is capable of solely infecting huma

...ins accumulate and bind to the host cells. Then, they are brought into the cytoplasm. TcdA and TcdB have a glucosyl-transferase domain that glucosylates GTPases

...the budding process. Other proteins, C, V, and W, are also present in the cytoplasm and involved in regulation of transcription and replication [''FIGURE 2'']. ...myxoviruses and influenza is paramyxovirues are strictly reproduced in the cytoplasm. <br>

...ly, the GP5/M heterodimer interacts with the sialic acids [3]. Once in the cytoplasm, it translates the replicase polyproteins 1a and 1ab. These polyproteins ar The virus replicates in the perinuclear cytoplasm of the host macrophages. And the virions are released via exocytosis to the

...to cell membranes, providing a path for certain proteins to enter the host cytoplasm. The entire apparatus is made of 20 to 25 different proteins, half of which ...a strain of <i>S. typhimurium</i> to deliver DARPins into the host cell’s cytoplasm using T3SS.<ref name=Chabloz></ref> They utilized a <i>pCASP</i> plasmid sy

...c example of mitochondria, however a protein called hsp60 was found in the cytoplasm of Giardia in 2003. Hsp60 is a protein found exclusivly in mitochondria. Ho

...e able to break the membrane of the phagosome and free themselves into the cytoplasm of the macrophages. The former theory is more widely accepted, but there i ...the bacteria to free themselves from the vesicle and escape into the cell cytoplasm. The movement does not occur if the mycobacteria are located outside of a

...lity in forming two hydrogenases: an NAD-reducing hydrogenase found in the cytoplasm and a membrane-bound hydrogenase [2]. The hydrogen-oxidizing trait of ''A. ...rough a technique called gene-splicing. Plastic polymers were found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuole of the plant and harvested through multiple-step chlo

...e cell is able to maintain homeostasis with a neutral pH of 6.5 within the cytoplasm preventing damage and a reducing environment in periplasm. This allows an i

...ing the formation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. The <i>R.palustris</i> cytoplasm contains cysteine disulfhydrase, an enzyme which catalyses the production o

...the dissolved heavy metals into solid form on their membrane or within the cytoplasm. The metal-laden biomass is then removed and the water is free of contamina

...st extract can alter the products and intermediates that accumulate in the cytoplasm. In a culture grown without yeast extract, the accumulation of acetate, py

...any of the cells. The endosymbionts are visible as round bodies within the cytoplasm.]]

...nd H₂ (under anaerobic condition). The metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm where glucose is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate and then to pyruvate, and

...a japonica A number of spherical to rodlike rickettsia are observed in the cytoplasm. (Reproduced with permission from Dr. Tsuneo Uchiyama of Tokushima Univers

...the expression of a protein, HIRRP, and also changes its location from the cytoplasm to the nucleus[http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/128/art%253A10.1007%

To prevent water loss, the halophiles accumulate solutes in their cytoplasm. They use Na⁺ pump to push Na out of the cell as well as keeping

...scape phagosomes is known, it is unclear if it is able to replicate in the cytoplasm <ref name=OBrien/>. Both the alpha toxin and PFO are membrane-active toxin

...tein of the Rubella virus is unique in that it forms a nucleocapsid in the cytoplasm. Due to the small size of the Rubella virus, it can only encode for a minim

...aracterized by a dark, central nucleus (1). Many vacuoles are seen in the cytoplasm which aid in the cell's movement by lobopodia (9). Stained cultures of tro

...achieved is through synthesis of organic compounds that are stored in the cytoplasm. Metabolic toxicity of A. glaucus is noted and a result of two metabolites

...le to form a fully functional replication and transcription complex in the cytoplasm of the infected cell: nsp1-nsp16 <ref name=jkl>[https://www.sciencedirect.c The helical nucleocapsids that are generated in the cytoplasm align at these membranes and mingle with the cytoplasmic domains of the vir

...ved with reducing metal ions. Sulfur is the final electron acceptor in the cytoplasm.

...the host plant and particularly in the mesophyll. Virions are found in the cytoplasm, cell vacuole (tubules extending through plasmodesmata, which is possibly a

...gocytic host cells and adhere to it's vacuole(Hackstadt, 1996). Within the cytoplasm, ''rickettsiae'' begin to divide and are able to polymerize host actin fila

...st cell membrane allowing the viral particles to be released into the host cytoplasm (http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Filoviridae). After the viral part

...hiles, is able to produce osmoprotectants which build up in the organism’s cytoplasm along with other ions to deal with the hypotonic environment and ultimately

...mping the viral contents directly into the host cytoplasm [8]. Once in the cytoplasm the reverse transcriptase enzyme uses the single-stranded RNA genome as tem

...is a constant presence of growing VAPs of various sizes in the host cell’s cytoplasm.<br><br>

...um is inside the periplasm, it introduces hydrolytic enzymes into the host cytoplasm. This increases the bacterium’s food supply by making the inner membrane

...anscription factor in chronic inflammatory disease. NF-kB, once inside the cytoplasm of a cell, can move into the nucleus and regulate the expression of multipl

...viral proteins NS1 and NS2 have been found in high concentrations in host cytoplasm, and therefore it is believed that they may play a role in virus replicatio

...ll, where the disulfide bond is cleaved and the toxin is released into the cytoplasm.<ref name=Nigam></ref> The light chains are zinc endopeptidases that become

...to <i>Methanosarcina</i> species is the S-layer protein that surrounds the cytoplasm-containing membrane. <ref name = (2)/> In a 2012 study conducted on S-laye

...infection cycle by joining to the cell surface and embedding into the host cytoplasm via endocytosis. After which, the viral cycle begins again.

...picture above appears to show a long chain of magnetosomes floating in the cytoplasm, this is not the case. The MamAB operon encodes MamK, an active protein tha

...ion by DsbA activity prevents the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which would otherwise lead to cell death [[#References|[15]]]. In additio

...transcription of viral RNA, <i>Rev</i> helps to transport unspliced RNA to cytoplasm, and <i>Nef</i> coordinates the down-regulation of CD4 and MHCI proteins on

...al fusion protein. The virus then introduces its genetic material into the cytoplasm of the host cell, followed by subsequent transcription through viral RNA la

...Bs are re-differentiated into an infectious EBs that are released into the cytoplasm to initiate new cycles in new host cells. [[#References|[16]]]

...act as 'iron rivets' (detailed under Metabolism section). While the low pH cytoplasm and the iron supported protein structures could be the potential reason for

...v-drugs/#c2=2]</sup>. After attachment, the viral RNA is put into the cell cytoplasm, a cDNA copy is made from the viral RNA by reverse transcriptase and then m

...ubstrate is located. The zoospore attaches itself, feeds off its host; the cytoplasm grows, meiotic divisions occur, and a cell wall forms around the original z

...order to maintain the structure and function of proteins in a high saline cytoplasm. The acidic residues in these proteins are mostly present on the surface of

...vRNA can then follow either of two pathways, as it can be exported to the cytoplasm and translated or can remain in the nucleus (Fig 5) [10].

...tructures’ on its surface. The organism also exhibits a compartmentalized cytoplasm -- a rare find in bacteria. The anammoxosome, one of the cellular compartm

...microscopy to have the same structure as a typical cyanacobacteria[1]. The cytoplasm holds DNA fibrils, carboxyzomes, and glycogen granules, which can be found

...tem have no mitochondrial signaling pathways and instead act solely in the cytoplasm. <i>Monocercomonoides</i>’ SUF system retains all major catalytic sites o

...m both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Fermentation is performed in the cytoplasm when there is little to no oxygen present and an abundance of fermentable s

...t escape from the vacuole in which it was internalized before entering the cytoplasm to grow and replicate. Again LLO is the protein responsible for pore forma ...smic reticulum (9), additionally contributing to the excess of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm (8).

...inactive metals like Ag can release coordinated, intracellular Fe into the cytoplasm and contribute to ROS formation [[#References|(13)]].

...iki/Endosome/ endosomes], and then slowly leave the endosome and enter the cytoplasm prior to the DNA gaining access to the nucleus for replication," (Hueffer e

...host cell. <I>B. exovorus</I> releases hydrolytic enzymes into the host's cytoplasm, degrading its contents and transporting them back to the cell surface for

...fore, ethanol production is important to maintain the redox balance in the cytoplasm (9). For a while, it has been widely assumed that ''S. pombe'' does not con

...dia.org/wiki/Ozonolysis ozonolysis]. The cyst has 4 nuclei and a retracted cytoplasm, which makes it quite distinguishable. Once ingested, the trophozoite begin

...funneling it to the reaction centers where photosynthesis takes place. The cytoplasm of ''A. platensis'' also contains gas vacuoles, carboxyzomes, and thykaloid

...ows the pathogen to inject effector proteins directly into the host cell's cytoplasm, and aids in the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. SPI2 has roles in

...], a form of endocytosis. The virus then can release nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm of the host cell. Negative-sense genomic single-stranded RNA is used as a t

...um, a Golgi body, a cytoskeleton, mitochondria, vacuoles, ribosomes, and a cytoplasm enclosed by a plasma membrane [[#9. References |[8]]]. The plasma membrane

...cytosis of the virus particle, the RNA genome is quickly released into the cytoplasm through a pore in the newly formed vesicle. As genome release occurs within

...ic and other antimicrobial compounds across the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, where they disrupt normal enzymatic processes or destroy cellular structur ...in the inner membrane. Transport through ComA allows the DNA to enter the cytoplasm of <i>A. baumannii</i>. Once inside the cell, this foreign DNA is either de

...lded a positive result for the bacterium, in which an enlarged trophoblast cytoplasm can be seen due to the presence of reddish brown stained bacteria. It was c

Other then the nucleoid, ribosomes are also present in the cytoplasm, these supply energy for the bacterial cell. [http://www.rkm.com.au/BACTERI

...tween the two is that nonsegmented genome replication occurs in the host's cytoplasm while segmented genome replication occurs in the host's nucleus <ref name= ...'Crocuta crocuta'') determined by the presence of the viral antigen in the cytoplasm (arrowheads) and nuclei (arrows) of neuronal and glial cells. <ref name= Be

...r molecular function use hydrolase activity, they are most abundant in the cytoplasm, and are used for the regulation of biological processes [8].

...so serves a dual purpose, secreting effectors that target the host plant’s cytoplasm in order to promote the infection of the plant [[#References |[5]]]. ''H. v

...bove illustrates, the spores will continue to multiply until the host cell cytoplasm is filled, causing it to burst and release more spores into the surrounding

''A. niger'' has a metabolic system which is composed of the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and peroxisome. Incorporated in this system are carbohydrat

...erium offering a high-performance motor. (1) envelope of the bacteria, (2) cytoplasm (3) Flagellum (4) point of attachment of a flagellum. [https://commons.wiki

...degraded, releasing the viral RNA and reverse transcriptase (RT) into the cytoplasm [14,15]. Viral RT recruits nucleotides from cytoplasmic pools and uses the

...structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. ''Gloeobacter violaceus'' gets its energy from oxygenic photosynthesis whi

...cause differentiation of host cells, and induce swelling by increasing the cytoplasm of the surrounding epithelial. This is beneficial for both the bacteria and

...geny <ref name=aa/>. The phage then inserts its DNA into the host cell’s cytoplasm, leading to the expression of phage genes by the host cell RNA polymerase a

...genomes for new virions. The new RNA segments are then transported to the cytoplasm and then are packaged inside the new virions, which then bud off from the c

...Wolbachia is an intracellular bacteria, meaning that it replicates in the cytoplasm of its host [[#References|[8]]]. Wolbachia lack many of the genes associate

...um</i> life cycle, in which the protozoa is parasitizing a vertebrate, the cytoplasm of the host cell is consumed and between 60% and 80% of the hemoglobin in t

...enlarged ring-shaped trophozoites. In this stage the cells ingest the host cytoplasm and proteolyze hemoglobin into amino acids. Several rounds of nuclear divis

...en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion mitochondria] are often present in the cytoplasm (12). The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus nucleus] consists of

...a ring form called trophozoite, accompanied by ingestion of red blood cell cytoplasm. The trophozoites undergo multiple rounds of nuclear division resulting to

...proteins and is followed by entry of the intact capsid into the human cell cytoplasm and ultimately down a microtubule scaffold into the nucleus through a pore

...f the organism is 30 µm in diameter [[#References |[3]]]. Within the dense cytoplasm, there are hundreds of trichocysts and pseudo-nuclear vesicles [[#Reference

...e macrophages are called scattered tingible body macrophages and cause the cytoplasm to fall away in the tumor cells, leaving the white "stars" [[#References|[1

'''Cell membrane''' - The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm. It is semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates transport of nutr '''Membranes:''' Archaea have a cell membrane that protects the cytoplasm and the nucleic acids from the environment. The archaeal cell membrane has

...t polysaccharide appears in the spherule as the cell grows. The peripheral cytoplasm contains nuclei, each enclosed in a double-layered membrane, mitochondria,

...he viral capsid is dissolved, allowing the viral dsDNA genome to enter the cytoplasm. Interesting, viral RNA is often packaged in the virions in addition to the ...contribute to the progression of infection. EBV tegument released into the cytoplasm of host cells upregulates the transcription of IE (intermediate-early) gene

...pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated and can release a proton into the cytoplasm, increasing the pH. This explains the inhibitory effects of salts on fatty

...> both contain spherical bodies. These spherical bodies are located in the cytoplasm and have been observed along the cell bodies of both <i>L. biflexa</i> and

...wn mRNA. These cap sequences allow the viral mRNA to be transported to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by host ribosomes. The nucleocapsid is assembled in

...en cleaved from the B domain and passes through the membrane into the cell cytoplasm. The A domain then catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to Elonga

...la, is reached [42]. Upon membrane fusion, the capsid moves into the cell cytoplasm at a site where replication proceeds optimally. ...mal membrane fusion was monitored by luciferase release from VLPs into the cytoplasm [38].

...wo highly resistant layers surround the core, which is a highly dehydrated cytoplasm. The core is defined by absolutely no metabolism occurring within the cell.

...er fusion is complete, the virus’s entire capsid is released into the host cytoplasm. This full herpes capsid will then travel down what can be considered a ‘

...o otherwise non-phagocytic cells. Upon vesicularization into the host cell cytoplasm, TTSI expression is down regulated, and TTSII expression is up regulated. T

...estation of malaria. Trophozoites grow within the host by feeding on their cytoplasm and further breaking down their hemoglobin. This enlarges the trophozoites

...zi</I> is taken up by phagocytosis and escapes from the lysozyme into the cytoplasm with the help of a special protein that is activated at low pH [3]. Stage 3

...processes by the viral capsid, until the viral genome is released into the cytoplasm for subsequent replication (15). During this process, many cell signaling ...lication of positive strand RNA. Following viral entry into the host cell cytoplasm, viral RNA undergoes translation using the host cell translational machiner

...receptor-mediated endocytosis, which is when the virus is pulled into the cytoplasm within a proteinous vesicle (Fig. 3) (2). At some point the virus breaks ou

...cells that have been lysed the <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i> cells feed on the cytoplasm, carbon molecules, nitrogen molecules, and of course ATP. <br><br>It has al

...lls showed no sign of apoptosis (Figure 5b). A close up of the nucleus and cytoplasm from Figure 5b shows the dense viral capsids (Figure 5c and d). These find

...st cell and causes an efflux of calcium ions, which rise and dislocate the cytoplasm (12). The infectious cells can then be transferred to the liver or spleen,

...ic prokaryotic microbe (i.e. the protomitochondrion) was ingested into the cytoplasm of a heterotrophic anaerobe. This endosymbiosis became obligate and resulte

...ress or damage, and Henderson-Paterson bodies, inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm which are a collection of proteins <ref name=Chen/>.<br>

...The hami are anchored into the cell past its double membrane and into the cytoplasm. The grappling hooks at the end of the hami are the smallest biologically-f

...of chytridiomycosis at the cellular level include damaged nuclei, altered cytoplasm and most significantly, a hyperplastic response,<ref name=Nichols2001>[http

...hin the membrane in which the lighter chain can then pass through into the cytoplasm (Pirazzini et al. 2013). They found evidence that the heavier chain contain

...educed, causing the A subunit to dissociate from the complex and enter the cytoplasm, where it binds an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor AD

...e viral proteins are being assembled, nucleocapsid cores are formed in the cytoplasm of host cells<ref name=ten/>. The nucleocapsid cores are transported to the

...lication. It usually resides within the nucleus, but has been found in the cytoplasm in infected cells, implicating its involvement. The full process is current

...his bacterial infection mainly occurs by maternal transmission through the cytoplasm of eggs, therefore male arthropods are not necessary for the successful tra

...viruses to bind to cells before fusing with the cell membrane entering the cytoplasm. These proteins also define the viral tropism, or range of cells that the v

...g membrane fusion of the two. Viral RNA is released from the capsid in the cytoplasm of the cell and host cell reverse transcriptase beings to synthesize comple

...ictim. Lastly, the cytotoxin is responsible for the disintegration of the cytoplasm. It accomplishes this by inhibiting protein synthesis and causes calcium i

...rotein phosphatase. Particularly types 1 and 2A protein phosphatase in the cytoplasm of liver cells. This inhibition causes an increase to the amount of phospho

...of bacteria (2,3). Salmonella is localized inside the SVC once inside the cytoplasm, where it replicates (5). SVC's trancytose these cells and enter the basola

...se bacteria pump in hydrogen ions at a specific rate. They must keep their cytoplasm more acidic to buffer out the extreme external pH levels. Also, some actual

...a well-studied efflux pump known to be able to export solvents out of the cytoplasm. They cloned the operon of all identified efflux pumps into plasmid vectors

..., therefore placement of the MAA is important as well. MAA located in the cytoplasm have been found to absorb 10-26% of UV-B photons, whereas MAA located in th

...th the host endosomal membrane and releases the RNA genome into the host’s cytoplasm. (Fig. 4) Once the single-stranded viral RNA (ssRNA) is released, it is tra

...s on the figure are macrophages and the arrow shows where the Schwann cell cytoplasm is stripped. Schwann cells are nervous system cells. This image came from [

...is a common phenomenon in fungi that serves as a defense mechanism against cytoplasm-borne diseases by hindering the formation of stable hyphal fusion and cytop

Once endocytosed, DENV escapes the endosome to the cytoplasm where it can immediately begin translation of its genome. Like other (+)ssR

...tosis of tumorous cells, initiating the fragmentation of DNA, reduction of cytoplasm and solutions in the cell, and prevention of lysis, by modulating specific

...regions, filamentous bodies and possibly vacuolated tiny organisms in the cytoplasm [1].

...repairs the cell wall. Following, it releases hydrolytic enzymes into the cytoplasm which amplify essential nutrients necessary for bacterial growth. Once the

...tosis of tumorous cells, initiating the fragmentation of DNA, reduction of cytoplasm and solutions in the cell, and prevention of lysis, by modulating specific

...d by viral proteins to travel across the plasmodesmata, which connects the cytoplasm and ER of the host plant cell to neighboring cells. The three proteins invo

...transcriptases, RNA, and other viral molecules such as integrase into the cytoplasm. <ref name=cheerup>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1742-4690-1-9

...]]]. The function of PsaA is to transport manganese and zinc ions into the cytoplasm [[#References|[32]]].

...with inverted repeats and hairpin structures. Virions replicate within the cytoplasm of the host cell and reproduce by budding out of the host cell's membrane.

...d within the host nucleus. Virus particles bud out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where acquire tegument proteins encoded by viral genes U31 and U54. After

b. Cytoplasm release and uncoating-<br>

...s use the nuclear transcription factor, NF-𝜅B, which is recruited from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, to activate inflammatory signaling pathways<ref name=qq>[ht

...ts." 2019. ACS Catalysis, 9(5), 4089–4105.]</ref> TPA is taken up into the cytoplasm through the TPA transporter coupled with TPA-binding protein and then integ

...monocytogenes by penetrating intracellularly and being concentrated in the cytoplasm of the host cell<ref>Ishihara Y, Akazawa K. Treatment of Listeria monocytog

...in transfer involves the translocation of the cytochrome proteins from the cytoplasm to the inner membrane by the SecB pilot protein. The cytochrome is then pus

...dy temperature [3]. The nucleoid material and ribosomes exist in the dense cytoplasm and an electron-lucent area is located in the terminal regions. This region

...e golgi apparatus means the virus exclusively replicates within the host’s cytoplasm.<ref name==ak>Parvate, A., Williams, E. P., Taylor, M. K., Chu, Y. K., Lanm

''P. aeruginosa'' has a single and supercoiled circular chromosome in the cytoplasm (4). It also carries a lot of chromosome-mobilizing plasmids that are very

...hin the root cortical cell. Direct connection between the plant and fungal cytoplasm allows the mutual transfer of nutrients and carbon between the fungi and th

...ls of the cortex. Azorhizobia move via the infection threads into the cell cytoplasm, where a peribacteroid membrane forms around them. This marks the early sta

...ositive bacteria have a thick cell call enclose the cell membrane and cell cytoplasm. The thick cell wall served as a barrier for the outercellular and intercel

...s starvation genes, or synthesis of "antifreeze proteins" to protect their cytoplasm from freezing [[#References |[3.7]]].